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Corresponding Author
Yohanes Agung Cahyono
Institutions
Chemical Engineering Department, 17 Agustus 1945 University, Pawiyatan Luhur Bendan Dhuwur, Semarang 50233, Indonesia
Abstract
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a technology developed to obtain new sources of renewable energy to produce electricity. It can be an alternative for wastewater treatment and bioenergy producers of renewable electricity. This method requires bacteria to convert substrate in wastewater into electrical energy. The mechanism of MFC were oxidation of substrate by bacteria to produce electrons and protons at the anode. The proton in anode chamber passes through a membrane exchange to the cathode chamber, however the electrons couldn-t through. It caused accumulation of electron in anode chamber and then both of electrode had a potential difference, so electron in anode chamber passed through membrane exchange to cathode chamber. In this study used dual-chambers reactors with each compartment having 8 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm of dimensions and 5 mm of thickness. This study was subjected to evaluate the performance of MFC in soybean washing wastewatertreatment with bacteria of EM4 to analyze the potentials production of electricity energy.The focus of this study was to evaluate the effect of time to electricity. MFC system was observed for 40 hours, measurement of voltages and electric currents performed every 2 hours. The results showed that there was potential of electricity production from soybean wastewater treatment by MFC. The maximum electricity reached in soybean wastewater media were voltage 441 mV (at 24 h), the electric currents 170 µA and the power density 51, 35 mW/m2(at 24 h after acclimatization). Increasing of time effect to decreasing of electricity produced.
Keywords
bioenergy, electricity, microbial fuel cell, membrane, wastewater soybean
Topic
Polymer
Corresponding Author
Retno Ambarwati Sigit Lestari
Institutions
Chemical Engineering Department, University of 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang, Indonesia
Abstract
This study tried to explore characterization of biodegradable plastic from jackfruit seeds and rice waste. Jackfruit seeds and rice waste contain starch, so it can be used for plastic material with addition of several additives such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycerol, chitosan and sorbitol. Starch is one of polysaccharides that be used as raw material for biofilms. Polyvinyl alcohol is the most important plastic in making water-soluble films. It was ability to form films, emulsifiers, and its adhesive properties. Polyvinyl alcohol has high tensile strength, good flexibility, and good oxygen barrier. Sorbitol and glycerol are also an additive in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics from starch, which is a plasticizer that increase elasticity. Chitosan have effects to bioplastic, such as biodegradable, hydrophilicity, and anti bacterial. This research aims to determine the effect of addition of PVA, glycerol, chitosan and sorbitol to optimum characteristics of bioplastic. The parameters to be examined bioplastic include thickness, moisture content, tensile strength, and % elongation. Increasing of glycerol added to the plastic material effect to decrease of tensile strength of bioplastic and elongation, lower water resistance and more easily degraded. Increasing of chitosan added to the plastic material effect to higher tensile strength, lower elongation, higher resistance to water and lower degradation. Increasing of PVA added to the plastic material effect to increasing of the tensile strength of the bioplastic and decreasing of elongation of bioplastic, but the increasing of sorbitol effect to decreasing of tensile strength and increasing of elongation of bioplastic.
Keywords
biodegradable plastic, elongation, jackfruit, starch, tensile strength, waste of rice.
Topic
Polymer
Corresponding Author
Yasuji Muramatsu
Institutions
University of Hyogo
Abstract
To analyze the local structure of non-benzenoid rings in graphitic carbons by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, CK-XANES of aromatic compounds having pentagonal or heptagonal rings were theoretically analyzed by the first principle calculations. Edge-carbon atoms split the π* peak into two peaks in CK-XANES. Pentagonal rings in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon structure disturb delocalization of π electrons in hexagonal rings. Hence, pentagonal rings split the π* peak into two peaks in CK-XANES. It is also confirmed that heptagonal rings play a role of a hole in hexagonal carbon layer, and the heptagonal carbon atoms can be regarded as edge carbon atoms. Hence heptagonal rings also split the π* peak into two peaks. Consequently, edge-carbon atoms and non-benzenoid rings make the π* peak wider than hexagonal rings.
Keywords
Soft X-ray, XANES
Topic
Polymer
Corresponding Author
Dian Marlina
Institutions
a) Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University
3-11, Tsurukabuto Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
b) Fakultas farmasi, Universitas Setia Budi
Jalan Letjend Sutoyo Mojosongo, Solo 57127, Indoneisa
*157d841d[at]stu.kobe-u.ac.jp
Abstract
Synthetic polymers, including plastic products, are known as one of the most important materials in modern life. They have been widely used in various fields such as energy, information technology, medical, living, and environment. However, most of them cannot be decomposed in the environment causing environmental problems and harmful for living organisms. More than that, the excessive use of synthetic polymer will result in the depletion of irreplaceable natural resources since most of them are made from petrochemical materials. Therefore, development of new biopolymers is expected as a material to replace fuel-based polymers. Among them, chitosan is abundant in nature. Development of polymers with chitosan contributed to solve the environmental and resource depletion problems. It is getting more attention as a new material that mitigate energy waste. Chitosan is a polysaccharide produced by deacetylation of chitin and is extensively used in drug delivery applications. Chitosan is difficult to use industrially because it has high glass transition temperature (Tg) and high crystallinity, and exhibits high elastic modulus and low strain fracture. Therefore, it is necessary to improve their physical properties by blending or copolymerizing with other polymers. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding between chitosan and other polymer molecules is expected to play an important role in stabilizing the higher-order structure. The information related to this interaction can be observed in the low-frequency region (3.3-330 cm-1) using terahertz (THz) and low-frequency Raman spectroscopy. Since low-frequency vibrational spectra are derived from intermolecular and intramolecular interactions, THz and low-frequency Raman spectroscopies can be powerful tools to reveal the formation of higher order structures of not only homopolymer but also polymer blends. In this study, by analysing this low-frequency vibrational spectra, we attempted to elucidate the change in higher-order structure and intermolecular hydrogen bonding formed by polymer blends of chitosan and other polymers.
Keywords
Chitosan, higher-order structure, hydrogen bonding, low-frequency vibrational spectroscopy
Topic
Polymer
Corresponding Author
Hesty Eka Mayasari
Institutions
Center for Research and Standardization of Surabaya
Jl. Jagir Wonokromo No.360 Surabaya, 60244, Indonesia
Telp.: +62 31 99843670, Fax +62 31 8410480
Abstract
Chloroprene rubber (CR) is synthetic rubber widely used for seal, joint, and also adhesive. For making rubber good, additives are needed and it can influence the properties of vulcanizate. Phenolic resin is used as additives in this study. This study aims to determine the curing characteristics and mechanical properties of chloroprene vulcanizate. The chloroprene vulcanizates were done by two-roll mill by adding phenolic resin. The phenolic resins were varies i.e: 0, 10, 20, and 30 phr. The curing characteristics of the CR vulcanizates were studied by rheometer at 140 ºC, 150 ºC, and 160 ºC. The phenolic resin improves the mooney viscosity, scorch time and optimum curing time. The compound without phenolic resin gives the highest mooney viscosity and optimum curing time. The 10 phr phenolic resin give the best mooney viscosity, optimum curing time, constant rate, activation energy and also tear strength. The suitable curing temperature for CR compound is at 150 ºC and the 10 phr phenolic resin is the proper additive for CR vulcanizate.
Keywords
Phenolic resin, Tackifier, Chloroprene, Adhesive
Topic
Polymer
Corresponding Author
Harumi Sato
Institutions
Kobe University
Abstract
The absorption peaks observed in the terahertz (THz) region reflect a higher-order structure, crystalline structure, and intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding. Therefore, THz spectroscopy and low frequency Raman spectroscopy are unique techniques for analysing higher-order conformations and intermolecular interactions in semicrystalline polymers. We have investigated changes of the higer-order strucure and hydrogen bondins of several kinds of polymers such as poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly (butylene succinate) (PBS), poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT), and so on by THz spectroscopy and THz Raman spectroscopy with quantum chemical calculations (QCCs).
Keywords
terahertz spectroscopy, low frequency Raman spectroscopy, polymer
Topic
Polymer
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