Indonesia Conference Directory

Corresponding Author
Tia Rizka Nuzula Rachma

Institutions
Badan Informasi Geospasial
Jalan Raya Jakarta Bogor KM 46 Cibinong Kab Bogor 16912, Indonesia

Abstract
To become a global maritime axis, Indonesia needs to strengthen the security of its maritime region. Indonesia has adopted the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) to determine its water boundaries. One of the points in LOSC that has not been implemented in Indonesia is related to internal waters. Until now Indonesia has not yet determined the extent of its internal waters. This study aims to examine the potential of Tomini Bay as a historic bay, especially spatial terms, so that it will increase the area of Indonesias internal waters. The methods used were literature study of the cases in other countries, determination of the area, and extensive calculations using basic data on RBI maps, such as toponym data, and coastline data. Based on this research, Tomini Bay has an area of 56,948.51 km2, but according to LOSC it is not a juridical bay since the width of its opening is more than 24 nautical miles. Some small juridical bays in the Tomini region have an accumulative area of 418.49 km2, only about 0.73% of Tomini area. In order for Tomini Bay to meet the provisions of UNCLOS as a bay, Indonesia needs to define Tomini Bay as a "historic bay", because in this study it was found the defining potential. By recognizing Tomini as a historic bay, Indonesia can change the status of the waters inside it from archipelagic waters to internal waters, so that Indonesias authority over the region becomes stronger.

Keywords
Maritime boundaries; Internal Waters; Tomini bay; Historic Bay

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/fnRLr9pZQKzV

Corresponding Author
Alina Blume

Institutions
1EMR-Group, Geological Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Wuellnerstr. 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
2Institute of Geosciences, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
3Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)-R.C for Geotechnology

Abstract
The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) of the western Indian Ocean shows a bimodal distribution caused by insolation changes and the migration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone. Moreover, on inter-annual timescales, the western Indian Ocean is influenced by two monsoon periods and two seasonally-occurring events, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). An understanding of paleoclimate is essential to better understand these ocean-atmosphere interactions and be able to predict future climate variability. Chemical analyses of corals allow us to reconstruct SST changes in high resolution (monthly-seasonal) and therefore help us to link them to seasonal insolation pattern variations caused by orbital forcing. Here, we use a Sr/Ca record of a fossil Porites coral, which is dated to the mid-Holocene (6k) and covers 16 years. Sr/Ca-ratios were measured using ICP-OES with simultaneous data acquisition. The results show variations in the bimodality and average maximum temperatures of each year. A sudden increase in SST by 1.66° C lasted for about 5 years and suggests a possible positive IOD/ENSO-event.

Keywords
Sr/Ca, coral, SST

Topic
Coastal and Ocean Dynamics

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/HrZPM6A4tCay

Corresponding Author
I Putu Ranu Fajar Maharta

Institutions
a) Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
*ranufajar123[at]gmail.com
b) Faculty of Marine Science, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit Jimbaran, Badung 82121, Indonesia

Abstract
Bali Strait is one of the most unique and important water areas, especially for the coastal communities of Banyuwangi and Jembrana up to Badung Regency. The Bali Strait has Sardinella lemuru fish resources where it is widely exploited and is the main livelihood income of the coastal communities. In recent years, the quality of Sardinella lemuru fish has begun to decline due to contamination of microscopic plastic debris in the Bali Strait during western monsoon. Many previous researches have carried out the movement of debris in the Bali Strait using numerical model to find out the source and location of the marine debris, however it only carried out local simulations within the Bali Strait. This study aims to determine the movement of debris that reaches the Bali Strait assuming debris originates from coastal areas on south and west coast of Sumatra and Java during the western monsoon (December 2018 - February 2019). The Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) model is used to obtain circulation of current patterns and debris particles movement patterns using the Lagrangian Particle Tracking module. The verification result of the model current pattern and field data using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) equation. In the u velocity component the RMSE value is 0.014 m/s with a correlation of 0.968 and the v velocity component is 0.011 m/s with a correlation of 0.945. In general, the current pattern in the waters of south of Sumatra Island to Java Island in the dominant western monsoon moves eastward due to the influence of western monsoon. The simulation results show particles that reached the Bali Strait as much as 3.47% originating only from the coastal waters of East Java.

Keywords
Bali Strait; FVCOM; lagrange; marine debris

Topic
Coastal and Ocean Dynamics

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/WQ2YTLwt7KC4

Corresponding Author
avrionesti

Institutions
a) Marine Technology Cooperation Research Center (MTCRC)
avrionesti[at]mtcrc.center

b) Oceanography Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Abstract
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) is one of main catches fish in the demersal category. Ecosystem condition is assessed to predict the growth rate of Barramundi. Therefore, the ecosystem condition is being modeled, includes nutrient, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus (NPZD) and their interaction with Barramundi as the highest predator on the food chain. The result shows that the growth rate of Barramundi is 4.07 gram/day with the fastest growth rate (latest) occurs if the seed is stocked in August (November) with growth rate 5,11 gram/day (3,1 gram/day). The slow growth rate of seeds stocked in November occurred because of crustaceans as the main feed of Barramundi in the early phase of the hatchery has a low abundance.

Keywords
NPZD, Barramundi, growth rate, and Fish interaction model

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ZACGBDFgtwPY

Corresponding Author
Riski Indah

Institutions
Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Mulawarman University, East Kalimantan

Abstract
Mahakam Delta is a delta with unique characteristics. As a result of the continuous sedimentation process, the delta can be said as a complex delta because it has dozens of tributaries that are interconnected and flow into the sea to their estuaries. Mahakam Delta estuary is a meeting place for mixing masses of water from freshwater rivers and high salinity rivers. The aim of this study is to determine the water column stratification seen from the salinity and temperature parameters in the Mahakam Delta estuary. This study uses the ECOMSED model which is run for 40 days (July 7 to August 16, 2018) with tides and river discharge as the generating force. The simulation results show that stratification is predominantly influenced by differences in salinity between the layers. The strongest stratification is located in the upper Mahakam Delta line with a difference in salinity is 8 ppm from surface to bottom layer.

Keywords
Mahakam Delta Estuary; Salinity; Temperature

Topic
Coastal and Ocean Dynamics

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/kZVy7Gpb9NKj

Corresponding Author
Ega Adhi Wicaksono

Institutions
1) Department of Fisheries, Universitas Hasanuddin
Jalan Perintis kemerdekaan No.KM. 10, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
2) Department of Marine Science, Universitas Hasanuddin
Jalan Perintis kemerdekaan No.KM. 10, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
*akbar_tahir[at]mar-sci.unhas.ac.id

Abstract
Microplastic is anthropogenic-based pollution that becomes a global problem, threatening the ecosystem and food security. Microplastic from land-based source can enter the ocean through estuarine waters. Makassar City with a population around 1.7 million people, provides possible sources of microplastic pollution in Makassar Strait through the flow of surrounding rivers, Tallo and Jeneberang in particular. Neuston net method was used to collect 18 surface-water samples from Makassar Estuaries for microplastic analysis. Fish Gastrointestinal tracts were taken from 76 pelagic fish in study sites for microplastic analysis, using KOH digestive method. Surface-water samples from both Jeneberang and Tallo river estuaries are positively contained microplastic particles with abundance 1.84 ± 0.17 and 1.78 ± 0.25 items/m3 respectively. There is no difference between microplastic abundance on both rivers using t-test statistic, but microplastic from both estuaries in general has different characteristics in shape and colour. The higher abundance of microplastic in riverine part on both estuaries indicate that microplastic originating from land sources. Pelagic Fish from both estuaries were also contain an average of 0.91 to 3.5 items/individual with more than 50% of contamination level on most species. This result shows that estuary water in Makassar City have been contaminated by Microplastic particles and have accumulated to pelagic fish as consumption fish, posing a threat to food safety and human health.

Keywords
Microplastic; Estuary; Water; Fish; Makassar; Indonesia

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/7GTaD2JMk4Ve

Corresponding Author
dina anggreni sarsito

Institutions
Geodesy Research Group, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung
Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract
Sea level variability is one of fundamental parameters for scientific development such as modeling the Earths climate. In addition, this parameter also plays crucial rules in mitigating socio-economic hazards due to sea level changes, especially in coastal areas. Mitigating the sea level hazards in an archipelagic country like Indonesia becomes more essential, since the country is geographically constructed by various bathymetric depths with different type of seas. One of attempts to study the sea level variability is to take benefit from satellite altimetry data. The TOPEX+JASON altimetry missions have observed sea level during more than 25 years, and hence the rate of sea level variability can thoroughly be studied. In this research, regional-scale variations in sea level over the Indonesian sea will be examined.

Keywords
altimetry, sea level variability, Indonesia

Topic
Marine Geodesy and Satellite Oceanography

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/4QrhRj3YMVpG

Corresponding Author
ABdul Wahab Radjab

Institutions
1 Indonesia Institute of Science, Center for Deep Sea Research, Ambon, 97233, Indonesia, radjab002[at]gmail.com, purbiantoro[at]gmail.com
2 Pattimura University, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Ambon, 97234, Indonesia, comsa_dub[at]yahoo.com, vanella[at]gmail.com

Abstract
Hatchery is main that plays important role in aquaculture Sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus 1758). The quality of Sea urchin egg is determined by the absorption of nutrients that carried throughout the gonad development while the quality of nutrients is very likely influenced by the type of food consuming. This research of substrate types on habitat breeding of Sea urchin embryonic development and larval morphometric had been done on October - November 2016 at the laboratory of marine aquaculture LIPI Center for Deep Sea Research. The Samples taken from three different habitats comprises Hative Besar, Liang and Suli. The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of substrates types on habitat breeding of Sea urchin embryonic development and larval morphometric. The method that has been used to determine the morphometric was done by measuring the diameter and height of the shell using a digital caliper and total body weight using a digital scale. To observe embryonic development and larval morphometric done by in vitro fertilization through eggs selection then cultured in petri dish at a density of 10 ind/ml. The result of this research is the most dominant quantity of embryonic development (72 hours) indicated by culture vessel from Hative Besar meanwhile the least is indicated by Liang. The greatest larval morphometric indicated by culture vessel from Hative Besar with length and height of larval body further the larval of culture vessel from Hative Besar shown ossification formation.

Keywords
hatchery, egg quality, embryonic development, larval morphometry

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/vxB2TZpUKDH4

Corresponding Author
Dhaneswara Al Amien

Institutions
a) Chalmers University of Technology
Chalmersplatsen 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
*amien[at]student.chalmers.se;
b) Universitas Pertamina
feradwisetyani[at]universitaspertamina.ac.id;
c) Institut Teknologi Bandung
rajinsihombing[at]gmail.com

Abstract
As one of the biggest maritime nation in the world, Indonesia has big advantages and potential with its long coastline. Part of the maritime industry that Indonesia can provide is the port services. The port development hoped to increase an area income by let the business opportunity growing through the ease access of logistics, but on the other hand, the port development causing negative effects on the side, such as biodiversity risk and environmental issue such as air, water, and noise pollution. The biggest reference in this study is the Global Goals for Sustainable Development (SDGs) set by United Nation (UN) General Assembly. In this study, the vision of United Nation (UN) for the year of 2030 will be considered and compared to the current requirement of Indonesian-s port study of which already put the environmental issues to be addressed. As a result, there will be challenges and inputs for the authorities as the stakeholder in Indonesian Port Planning study.

Keywords
Port Planning, UN SDGs

Topic
Ocean Engineering and Technology

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/U4FrGPZ2CKNw

Corresponding Author
Fera Dwi Setyani

Institutions
a) Chalmers University of Technology
Chalmersplatsen 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
amien[at]student.chalmers.se
b) Universitas Pertamina
*feradwisetyani[at]universitaspertamina.ac.id
c) Institut Teknologi Bandung
rajinsihombing[at]gmail.com

Abstract
As one of the biggest maritime nation in the world, Indonesia has big advantages and potential with its long coastline. Part of the maritime industry that Indonesia can provide is the port services. The port development hoped to increase an area income by letting the business opportunity growing through the ease access of logistics, but on the other hand, the port development causing negative effects on the side, such as biodiversity risk and environmental issue such as air, water, and noise pollution. The biggest reference in this study is the Global Goals for Sustainable Development (SDGs) set by United Nation (UN) General Assembly. In this study, the vision of United Nation (UN) for the year of 2030 will be considered and compared to the current requirement of Indonesian-s port study of which already put the environmental issues to be addressed. As a result, there will be challenges and inputs for the authorities as the stakeholder in Indonesian Port Planning study.

Keywords
Port Planning, UN SDGs

Topic
Ocean Engineering and Technology

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/zY34FWRBdJhk

Corresponding Author
Nanda Nur Anugrah

Institutions
a) Marine Science Department, Hasanuddin University
Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan 10, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.
b) Institute for Marine Research and Observation, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jl. Baru Perancak, Negara, Jembrana - Bali 82251.

Abstract
The Makassar Strait is one of the main gate of Arus Lintas Indonesia (Arlindo) which carries water masses from the Pacific Ocean and causes Makassar Strait waters affected by the El Nina and La Nina phenomenon. This study aims to observe the oceanographic characteristics of the Makassar Strait when El Nino and La Nina phenomena occur by looking at the changes in temperature, salinity, and currents from 2009-2010. The data used in this research are sea surface temperature data (CMEMS), Salinity (CMEMS) and current speed (CMEMS) which are processed using Panoply applications and Sea Surface Temperature data from Climate Prediction Center (NOAA) processed into Oceanic Nino Index (ONI). In the period from 2009 - 2019 there were three times the ENSO anomaly phenomenon, which began with the El Nino phenomenon from September 2009 to March 2010, then La Nina in July 2010 to May 2011, and El Nino in May 2015 to May 2016 In each phase, the dynamics of oceanographic characteristics occur in the waters of the Makassar Strait which cause fluctuations in sea surface temperature, salinity, and currents that have interacted to each other

Keywords
El Nino, La Nina, Makassar Strait, Sea Surface Temperature (SST)

Topic
Coastal and Ocean Dynamics

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ZzeGD6Y9tHRC

Corresponding Author
iis triyulianti

Institutions
Balai Riset dan Observasi Laut, Perancak, Bali.

Abstract
The Eastern of Indonesian Sea waters as a part of Indonesian Sea Large Marine Ecosystem accomodates the Tropical Ocean Productivity. Those regions also have an important sites for Indonesian fisheries. As a part of the Tropical Ocean Productivity contains of chlorophyll-a and Carbon Organic concentrations. The amount of organic carbon manufactured by primay producers through a photosynthesis process. However, the primary producers immediately respire some of the organic carbon for their own energy, so the rest organic carbon that is available as food for the higher trophic levels called Net Primary Productivity (NPP). The aim of this study was to investigate the current profiles of chlorophyll-a and carbon organic from Net Primary Productivity concentrations based on in-situ measurement. We measured chlorophyll-a and organic carbon concentrationsat surface layer or in the euphotic zone on a cruise carried in 2017 at Banda, Maluku and Sulawesi Seas.The study reveals that the range of chlorophyll-a and organic carbon concentration were 0.1 – 0.75 mg/m3 and -0.076 – 0.338 mg C/m3/d in Banda Sea. The higher chlorophyll and organic carbon concentrations found in Maluku dan Sulawesi Seas with the range value were 0.4441 – 1.137 mg/m3 and -0.680 – 8.789 mg C/m3/d. These study results indicate that there was general relationship between chlorophyll a concentrations and organic carbon from Net Primary Productivity in the euphotic layers.This study suggests that the water fertility assosiated with chlorophyll a in Maluku and Sulawesi Seas are categorized as mesotrophic water and oligotrophic water for Banda Sea.

Keywords
Cholorophyll a, Organic Carbon, Net primary Productivity, The Eastern of Indonesian Sea Waters.

Topic
Coastal and Ocean Dynamics

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/24RmJqTZUvBY

Corresponding Author
Hanung Agus Mulyadi

Institutions
Research Center for Deep Sea
Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Jl. Y. Syaranamual, Guru-guru Poka, Ambon Maluku 97233
email: hanu001[at]lipi.go.id

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the abundance and diversity of meroplankton (larvae of benthos and nekton, including eggs) in the Nusalaut coastal waters. The field survey data were conducted in May 2009 and April 2014. The abundance of meroplankton was collected from NORPAC net (0.33 mm, mesh size) by vertical hauling from 10 meter of deep to the surface. The samples were taken in 8 stations. All samples were preserved with 4% formaldehyde and analyzed using a microscope. In May 2009, total abundance of meroplankton varied between 84 ind.m-3 and 780 ind.m-3, but mainly fluctuated around 300-500 ind.m-3. Larvae of 13 taxa were identified. Fish eggs represented the most predominant taxa (average abundance 96 ind.m-3), followed by echinodermata larvae (81 ind.m-3). Meanwhile, total abundance in April 2014 was lower compared with May 2009. During this period, the total abundance varied between 8 ind.m-3 and 48 ind.m-3. Larvae of 7 taxa were found. Echinodermata larvae represented the most predominant taxa (average abundance 6 ind.m-3), followed by gastropoda larvae (5 ind.m-3). It is predicted that spawning season occurred during May, indicated from the high value of total abundance of meroplankton.

Keywords
meroplankton, fish eggs, echinodermata larvae, Nusalaut waters

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/Bft3EgXdKnVG

Corresponding Author
Rahaden Bagas Hatmaja

Institutions
Earth Sciences Department, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology

Abstract
In this research, Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) method is conducted to assess the dynamics of Indian Ocean characteristics, (i.e. sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly and equatorial wind), as the response of IOD for last 30 years (1988 – 2017). Based on the EOF analysis, IOD explains about 23.1% of the total variation of interannual SST anomaly (EOF second mode). While due to the equatorial wind components, IOD explains about 40.9% of the total anomalous zonal wind variation (EOF first mode) and 21.8% of the total anomalous meridional wind variation (EOF second mode). Based on the EOF and cross correlation analysis, its obtained some accurate indices and able to describe the dynamics of Indian Ocean during IOD events, such as SSTdyn (for SST anomaly dynamics), Udyn (for zonal wind anomaly dynamics), and Vdyn (for meridional anomaly dynamics). Moreover, based on the composite analysis of these Indian Ocean dynamics indices, during the five (six) positive (negative) IOD events from 1988 to 2017, the negative (positive) SST anomaly in the eastern Indian Ocean (0°–15°S dan 90°–120°E) followed by the positive (negative) SST anomaly in the western Indian Ocean (10°N–10°S dan 40°–60°E) and the central Indian Ocean (5°S–10°S dan 70°–80°E) occur in June and reach the peak in September-October. The anomalous SST is also accompanied by anomalous wind in the region of 5°N–10°S dan 70°–100°E, which starts by the occurance of anomalous northerlies (southerlies) meridional wind in June-July, continues by the occurance of anomalous easterlies (westerlies) zonal wind in the following month, and reaches the peak in October.

Keywords
Indian Ocean Dipole, Indian Ocean, sea surface temperature, equatorial surface wind, Empirical Orthogonal Function

Topic
Coastal and Ocean Dynamics

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/KAk29p8CPVQF

Corresponding Author
Dwi Fajriyati Inaku

Institutions
a) Aquatic Resources Management, Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University
Jl.Perintis Kemerdekaan Km.10, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
b) Marine Science Department, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University
Jl.Perintis Kemerdekaan Km.10, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia

Abstract
Coastal is an area that vulnerable for change, especially along the shoreline. The changes can occur in the form of abrasion or accretion. Many factors could be the causes of shoreline changes; one of it is the existence of mangrove ecosystem. Physically, the function of mangrove ecosystem is to protect the coastal area from the wave which can cause an abrasion. It also functions as sediment trap which lead to the accretion. The aim of this research is to know the relationship between the existence of mangrove and the shoreline changes along the Takalar Regency. This research was comparing two years of Landsat Imagery (1998 and 2018) to map the mangrove and the shoreline. The shoreline changes were analyzed using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) application, meanwhile the mangrove density was analyzed using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis. Results show that for 20 years, shoreline changes caused by abrasion was 147,03 m or 7,38 m/year, and changes caused by accretion was 135,34 m or 6,79 m/year. Mangrove area has increased 566,37 Ha along the Takalar Regency shoreline during these 20 years. The relationship analysis between shoreline changes with mangrove density were done using simple regression. The result shows that the coefficient regression number was 0,190, which mean a weak relationship. Nonetheless, F-test shows a positive relation, which means there were influences between shoreline changes and mangrove density; if the mangrove-s density is high, then the shoreline will tend to increase (accretion). On the other hand, if the mangrove-s density is low then the shoreline will tend to decrease (abrasion).

Keywords
Shoreline changes, Mangrove, Takalar, DSAS, NDVI

Topic
Coastal and Ocean Dynamics

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/QMBmpzwXZhUa

Corresponding Author
Sri Redjeki Pudjaprasetya

Institutions
Industrial & Financial Mathematics Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Abstract
In a disaster event, the impact of the tsunami is measured based on wave height along the coast. During its propagation towards the coast, tsunami wave that develop in the ocean will be amplified due to shoaling. The elevated waves that struck residents in Palu Bay were very severe, far exceeding predictions. Recent research shows that the strike-slip earthquake on 28 September 2018 (Mw 7.5) along the Palu-Koro fault caused several landslides in Palu Bay, which then triggered a significant tsunami wave. Closer investigation, the extreme height of tsunami in Palu Bay was due to geographical factors such as narrowing of the bay, and the presence of a bump in the mouth of the bay, both of which have the same effect, namely wave focusing. Our study here is focused on the effect of bathymetry on wave focusing in bays. The momentum conservative scheme with wet-dry procedure was implemented here to solve the 2-dimensional shallow water model. The scheme is validated via simulation of wave amplification in an (idealized) parabolic bay, to be compared with the existing analytical solution. Next, wave amplification due to a bump on a flat topography will be evaluated. Finally, wave amplification in the mouth of Palu Bay using real topography will be assessed.

Keywords
shallow water equation, tsunami landslide, wave focusing, wave shoaling

Topic
Coastal Degradation and Coastal Hazard

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ukQCNxUMjF7W

Corresponding Author
Farrah Hanifah

Institutions
Study Program of Oceanography, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)

Abstract
This study examines the effect of Jakarta Bay reclamation on sea level height generated by storm tide using Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) with tidal data sources from The Oregon State University TOPEX / Poseidon Global Inverse Solution Tidal Model Version 7.2 (TPXO 7.2), wind and atmospheric data from Interim European Center for Medium-Range Weather (ECMWF) Re-analysis (ERA-Interim) with a resolution of 1/8˚. The Simulation is carried out in two stages with the scenario before and after reclamation. Harmonic analysis using data from the model results is used to obtain astronomical tides. the effect of reclamation on water level is seen from the difference in water level from the astronomical tide before and after reclamation. the result shows that the reclamation of the Jakarta Bay is changing the tidal range in the Jakarta Bay to a greater extent. Tidal range changes can reach 0.19 m or 22.4% in Bekasi, while changes in areas that turn into reservoirs after reclamation reach 0.07 m or 7.2% (Western Garuda Reservoir) and changes at flood points can reach 0.09 m or 7.2% (Sunda Kelapa).

Keywords
sea level height, ROMS, Jakarta Bay reclamation, astronomical tide

Topic
Coastal and Ocean Dynamics

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/jF3XzUvYMT4y

Corresponding Author
Rifky Fauzi

Institutions
Industrial and Financial Mathematics Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia

Abstract
In this paper, the shallow water equation is modified so that it includes wind effect using Jeffreys sheltering theory. The modification allows this model to have a wave grow or decay mechanism under the action of wind gust above the surface. The wave generation or damping is investigated by calculating critical wind velocity to excite oscillatory waves on the surface. The result shows that critical wind is proportional to a numerical constant, namely the sheltering coefficient, which related to the capability of wave overcome the wind gust. Thus this model has the convenience that the critical wind speed may comparable to physical data for a suitable choice of this constant.

Keywords
shallow water equation; wave instability; wind effect; Jeffreys sheltering mechanism

Topic
Coastal and Ocean Dynamics

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/fR7VBgqMhAkz

Corresponding Author
Fauzan Lazuardi Ramadhan

Institutions
1) Program Studi Oseanografi, Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian, Institut Teknologi Bandung
2) Pusat Pengembangan Kawasan Pesisir dan Laut, Institut Teknologi Bandung
3) Kelolmpok Keahlian Oseanografi, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Abstract
The North Sulawesi Seas is the entrance gate of Indonesian Troughflow (ITF) which will be directly affected by the phenomenon occurring in the Pacific Ocean especially a El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This study aims to determine the heat content of the water mass in the North Sulawesi Seas as part of ITF. Main data is a temperature data derived from the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) reanalysis model with a resolution of 1/12°. In the North Sulawesi Seas found five types of a water masses its North Pacific Subtropical Water (NPSW), North Pacific Equatorial Water (NPEW), North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW), Antartic Intermediate Water (AAIW), and Antartic Bottom Water (AABW). The water mass heat content is calculated with the two different temperature systems for depth. Magnitudes for each heat content of water types calculated in this study for NPSW , NPEW, NPIW, AAIW, and AABW are in the range of 5,67 x 1013 – 1,04 x 1015 J / m2, 2,62 x 1015 – 8,26 x 1015 J / m2, 1,08 x 1015 – 9,38 x 1015 J / m2, 2,17 x 1016 – 3,33 x 1016 J / m2, and 8,11 x 1015 – 1,89 x 1016 J / m2, respectively.. The water mass heat content in the mixed and deep layer will decrease (increase) when the La-Niña (El-Niño), while in the thermocline layer will decrease (increase) when the El-Niño (La-Niña) phenomenon.

Keywords
North Sulawesi Seas; Indonesian Troughflow; Water mass; Heat content; and ENSO.

Topic
Coastal and Ocean Dynamics

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/baMZ7dxhreqK

Corresponding Author
Poh Leem Choo

Institutions
a) Borneo Marine Research Institute, University Malaysia , Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
b) WWF-Malaysia, Suite 1-6 W11 , 6th Floor, CPS Tower Centre Point Complex, No. 1, Jalan Centre Point, 88800 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
*plchoo[at]wwf.org.my

Abstract
Sabah harbor around 90% of reefs in Malaysia, and it is the only State which is within the Scientific boundary of Coral Triangle, which is the center of marine biodiversity. These reef providing food and livelihood to the local community and it is the main attraction for divers all over the world. However, the reef is under threats such as fish bombing, marine debris, overfishing and unsustainable tourism practices. The collection of live coral might become lucrative, because the investors start to look into the potential of grow this industry in Sabah, after the announcement from Indonesian government to ban the live coral exports in 2018. Coral propagation might be the way to reduce the pressure of collecting live coral from the wild but these initiatives are focus on fast growing species and unable to fulfill the demand for aquarium trade which favors large polyps and relatively slow growing species. The trend of live coral export from Sabah have not been reported before as well as the current practice of coral harvesting in the wild. Live coral export regulated by Department of Fisheries Sabah under CITES Appendix II Listing and each year quota been allocated to export live coral for licensed coral traders. This paper provides an analysis of live coral trade from 2015 to 2018 and examines the management challenges for sustainable harvesting in Sabah, Malaysia. Currently, there are a slow and steady growing trend for coral export especially for species that have large polyps. Is there a conservation need to reduce harvest quota for certain species? or we need to effectively manage our existing marine protected area?

Keywords
Coral trade, aquarium, reef conservation

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/BzKY2Fu4hb9M

Corresponding Author
Luqman Naufal Chairuasni

Institutions
a) Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology – Indonesia
*luqmanaufal[at]gmail.com

b) Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology – Indonesia

c)Research Group of Oceanography, Bandung Institute of Technology - Indonesia

Abstract
The Lombok Strait that located between the island of Bali and Lombok is one of the seas in Indonesia that connects the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Therefore, the characteristics of the Lombok Strait waters get influence from those oceans. In this research, the analysis of water masses in the Lombok Strait waters are investigated and analysed by using TS diagram. The main data used are temperature and salinity from the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) model in 2011 – 2015 with 1/12 x 1/12 degree horizontal resolution and vertical resolution up to 1500 m. The TS diagram was used to identify water masses contribution in the Lombok Strait and the ocean heat content was calculated for each water masses. The Timor Sea Water (TSW) and Australasian Mediterranean Water (AAMW) contributed maximumly in thermocline layer with 65,85% of the total heat content (1,12 x 10^13 J/m2) and 24,46% (4,16 x 10^12 J/m2) in a row. Then, The Antartic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and Banda Intermediate Water (BIW) contributed maximumly in intermediate layer (500 – 1500 m) with 8,17% of total heat content (1,39 x 10^12 J/m2) and 1,52% (2,59 x 10^11 J/m2). In addition, each water masses influenced by El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The ocean heat content of TSW and BIW increased when El Nino and positive of IOD appeared and decreased during La Nina and negative of IOD. Conversely, The ocean heat content of AAMW and AAIW decreased when El Nino and positive of IOD appeared and increased during La-Nina and negative of IOD

Keywords
Water Masses; TS diagram; Ocean Heat Content; El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO); Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)

Topic
Coastal and Ocean Dynamics

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/p8R4PAJ6bBun

Corresponding Author
Putu Veri Swastika

Institutions
(1,2) Industrial and Financial Mathematics Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia

(3) School of Computing, Telkom University, Jl. Telekomunikasi, 1 Bandung 40257, Indonesia

Abstract
We study a simple numerical scheme based on a new type of Finite Element Method (FEM) to solve 1D Shallow Water Equation (SWE). In the new scheme, the surface elevation variable is approximated by a linear continuous base function (P1) and the velocity potential variable is approximated by one-dimensional discontinuous linear non-conforming base function (P1NC). Here, we implement the P1-P1NC finite element pair to solve the 1D SWE on a structured grid, whereas the the Runge Kutta method is adopted for time integration. We verified the resulting scheme by conducting several simulations such as a standing wave simulation, and a propagation of an initial hump over sloping bathymetry. The resulting scheme free from numerical damping error, conservative and both standing wave and shoaling phenomena are well simulated.

Keywords
finite element method, non-conformal base function, structured grid, shallow water equation.

Topic
Coastal and Ocean Dynamics

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/tN4pnWaDKAGr

Corresponding Author
Sitti Hamdiyah

Institutions
a) School of Environmental Science, University of Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya No.4 Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
*sh_diyah[at]yahoo.com
b) The Indonesian Geospatial Information Agency,
Jalan Raya Jakarta - Bogor KM. 46 Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
*putranusa212[at]yahoo.com
c) Marine & Coastal Data Laboratory, Ministry of Marine Affairs & Fisheries Republic of Indonesia
Jalan Pasir Putih II No.636-694, RW.10, Ancol, Kec. Pademangan, Kota Jakarta Utara, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta 14430, Indonesia
*widodo.pranowo[at]gmail.com

Abstract
Food production including fisheries production is responsible for a quarter of global anthropogenic (GHG) greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from marine capture fisheries are generally not specifically accounted for in the calculation of global greenhouse gas emissions, and are often generalized as part of other sectors such as energy. We carried out a quantitative quantification of data on fuel consumption of capture fishing fleets in the coastal areas of West Java Province in 2007-2016. The data is then converted to CO2 emissions which are then compared with the potential of CO2 uptake by coastal ecosystems (i.e. mangrove and seagrass) in West Java Province. We estimate that capture fisheries in West Java Province consume about 60,944.55 kilolitres of fuel in 2016 and produce a total 1,353 million tons of CO2 (0.2% of total West Java CO2 emissions in 2016). CO2 emissions from the capture fisheries industry increased by 34.35% between 2007 and 2014, which was in line with the increase in fisheries production in that year. The increase in emissions was driven mainly by the increase in the number of fishing vessels with size of less than 30 GT. The geographical characteristics of coastal waters in the north and south of West Java also influence the number of fishing fleets and CO2 sequestration by coastal ecosystems. The increase in fishing fleets is also thought to have a real positive correlation with fisheries subsidy policies for fishermen. Building a strategy for effective and efficient capture fisheries activities is expected to be able to divert existing incentives to increase or maintain an ecosystem conservation area that absorbs CO2 emissions.

Keywords
coastal ecosystems; low-carbon development; West Java Province; greenhouse gas; CO2

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/RM36jG49dHJA

Corresponding Author
MUh Nur Fitrah Fitrah

Institutions
a) Environmental Management, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis kemerdekaan 10, Makassar, 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
*pittokla[at]gmail.com
b) Departement of Marine Science, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis kemerdekaan 10, Makassar, 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
c) Departement of Forestry, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan 10, Makassar, 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
d) Research & Development Center for Marine, Coast, & Small Islands , Hasanuddin University, Jl.Perintis Kemerdekaan km.10, Makassar, 95245. Indonesia.
e) GeoQuest Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Australia

Abstract
As the largest tropical archipelago country, Indonesia has the widest mangrove forest in the world. In consequence, degradation of this ecosystem could affect global carbon equilibrium with increased amount of carbon in the atmosphere and reduced stored carbon. One of the potential methods to estimate this carbon stock alteration is by using remote sensing technology. The purpose of this study is to estimate amount of above ground carbon (AGC) that can be sequestered by mangrove forest on Bauluang Island and to identify its alteration dynamics during twenty years, using Landsat imageries. Landsat-7 ETM 1997, 2002, 2007, and Landsat-8 OLI 2013, and 2018 were used in this study. Amount of carbon at sample points were calculated based on classified NDVI value and the correlation were identified using linear regression to determine the range of carbon value. Carbon accuracy test was conducted to see the level of accuracy of carbon estimation using NDVI. The result shows increased amount of carbon every year with value of determination coefficient (R2) of 0.69, which means NDVI has significant influence on increased carbon stocks. The estimated amount of carbon stocks calculated based on NDVI value are 0-0.1 = 7.11 tons / ha, 0.1-0.2 = 39.71 tons / ha, 0.2-0.3 = 46.45 tons / ha, 0.3-0.4 = 276.14 tons / ha and> 0.4 = 764.32 tons / ha with an average estimation of 262.26 tons / ha. The dynamics of carbon stock shifting over the last twenty years has been increased and also declined. Amount of carbon estimated in 1997 is 11,808.23 tons, 27,357.73 tons in 2002, 36,786.58 tons in 2007, 108,538.91 tons in 2013, and 66,911.73 tons in 2018.

Keywords
Remote Sensing, Carbon Estimation, NDVI

Topic
Coastal and Ocean Dynamics

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/DdxFhw49CkMU

Corresponding Author
Ari ansyah

Institutions
MTCRC (Marine Technology Cooperation Research Center)

Abstract
The increasing use of carbofuran pesticides in agriculture can lead to disruption and decline in environmental quality which is very detrimental to the balance of coral reef ecosystems in coastal area. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicity of carbofuran pesticides to Acropora sp. and find out the changes in density zooxanthella after 0, 24, 48, and 96 hours. This research was conducted in the waters and the Teluk Awur campus laboratory, Jepara. The method used is the experimental method. The tests carried out were preliminary tests and follow-up tests to determine changes in the density of zooxanthella after 0, 24, 48, and 96 hours. Probit analysis was used to determine the toxic level and toxicity of carbofuran pesticides against coral Acropora sp. The results showed that carbofuran pesticides had a threshold of 10 - 100 ppm against Acropora sp. and has toxic levels of 28.901 ppm against Acropora sp. corals and categorized in moderate lethal toxicity. This study also showed that the higher levels of carbofuran pesticides caused the rapid release of algae symbionts zooxanthella from corals.

Keywords
Carbofuran, Acropora sp., Toxicity, LC 50

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/uA8yL9qxNVpd

Corresponding Author
Maria Artanta Ginting

Institutions
a) Industrial and Financial Mathematics Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
*mariaaginting[at]s.itb.ac.id
b) School of Computing, Telkom University, Jl. Telekomunikasi No. 01 Terusan Buah Batu, Bandung 40257, Indonesia

Abstract
In conducting water wave simulations, the correct implementation of boundary conditions is important to obtain accurate wave dynamics in the computational domain. For assessment of coastal structures such as breakwaters, where both transmitted and reflected waves are present in the computational domain, we often need to observe simulation behavior for somewhat long period of time. In this case, applying a transparent boundary condition is necessary, a condition that allows transmitted wave propagates to the right, whereas reflected waves propagates to the left, at all times. In this paper, we propose a transparent boundary condition which derives from the embedded wave generation method of Liam et al. [2014]. In this paper, the method is implemented to the momentum conservative scheme of the shallow water equations, and conduct a simulation of wave reduction due to a submerged breakwater with certain dimension. Further, we measured the reflection and transmission coefficients and compare it with the analytical formulas.

Keywords
Transparent boundary condition; Embedded influxing; Momentum conservative scheme; Shallow water equations; Reflection and transmittion coefficients

Topic
Coastal and Ocean Dynamics

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/yJUFLtfeAWVM

Corresponding Author
Ivonne M Radjawane

Institutions
Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
b Oceanography Division, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract
Indonesias oceans are rich in microalgae as unicellular photosynthetic organisms. So far, most of Indonesias diverse microalgae have yet been explored. An Isolate NBO of microalgae has been collected from the beach of Pulau Bokor in the Jakarta bay. This study aimed to identify the isolate NBO and to characterize its biochemical properties. The identification was carried out based on the physical morphology of cell and the genetic type of 18S rDNA V4 and LSU D2/D3 regions, meanwhile the biochemical properties were characterized based on the content of carbohydrate, lipid and fatty acid of cells. The results showed that NBO cells had a color of yellow-brown, a shape of oval with ranging from 11.00 – 15.00 μm in length and 4.67 - 5.00 μm in width, and a silica frustule that bilaterally symmetrical oval. These morphological characteristics identified the isolate NBO under genus Navicula. Genomic regions of 430 bp of 18S rDNA V4 and 603 bp of LSU D2/D3 were obtained and both showed highest nucleotide sequence similarity with Navicula salinicola (GenBank no. GQ219689.1; HQ396812.1), i.e. 99% and 98% respectively. The microalgae isolate was identified as Navicula salinicola NBO. Analysis of cell biochemical compounds resulted a total content of carbohydrates and lipids respectively about 13.13% (w/w) and 3.74% (w/w) of dried biomass. The lipids composed of 40.94% SFA (saturated fatty acid), 40.05% MUFA (mono-unsaturated fatty acid), and 19.01% PUFA (Polyunsaturated fatty acid) with Omega-3 content (18.45%), Omega-6 (0.59%), and Omega-9 (2.82%).

Keywords
microalgae, Navicula salinicola, morphology, genetics, biochemical property

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/tPqbrh3Nu62C

Corresponding Author
Fismatman Ruli

Institutions
Center for Deep-Sea Research, Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Abstract
Updated information regarding tunicates distribution and diversity in the northern waters of Ambon Island is scarce, if any. We carried out an assessment using underwater census approach in June 2018 to obtain the said information. Tunicates composition and distribution were described based on six sampling stations observations. Their average density in five of six stations was less than one individual per meter square. Predominant species observed were Didemnum molle, followed by Polycarpa aurata. Tunicates belong to Didemnum molle were highly abundant in three stations (Morella, Hitu and Larike). Those identified as Polycarpa aurata were predominant only in two stations (Mamala and Wakal). Further studies are needed to investigate the anthropogenic pressure effect on these tunicates, as they were known as biomarkers in ecotoxicological studies.

Keywords
tunicates, Banda Sea, ecology

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/7WAUZrTmQyLp

Corresponding Author
Heri Andreas

Institutions
Geodesy Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Institute of Technology Bandung
Jalan Ganesha 10 Bandung Indonesia
*heriandreas49[at]gmail.com

Abstract
Many areas of Indonesia are belong to coastal low land area. Geometrically the topography is just only several meter above the sea level and even in some places they are already below the sea level. In the recent few decades the sea is rising (e.g. sea level rise) and the land is sinking (e.g. land subsidence). Both combination of phenomenon has made the coastal low land area prone to sea water inundation or sunny flood (“rob” in Javanese). Clear examples have been found around northern coast of Java and east coast of Sumatra. In certain places in the two islands, the permanent inundation is existed obviously. They are hazard turn to disaster. The losses is huge especially to the material. Millions of Dollar has gone. Creating hazard map of these cases in Indonesia is an urgent need to support mitigation and adaptation against those issues. Nevertheless there are several data and information requirement like Digital Terrain Model (DEM), magnitude of sea level rise and subsidence, etc. which arenot available completely or properly. This is a challenge. This paper will be highlight about those urgent need and the challenge.

Keywords
hazard map, coastal, sea level rise, land subsidence, challenge

Topic
Coastal Degradation and Coastal Hazard

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/jyNbDxmnWfQB

Corresponding Author
Sartono Marpaung

Institutions
1Remote Sensing Application Center, Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Jl. Kalisari No. 8 Pekayon, Pasar Rebo Jakarta Timur, 13710.
2Global Fishing Watch, 1025 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 200, Washington DC 20036, USA.
3Centre for Deep-Sea Research, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (P2LD-LIPI), Jl. Y. Syaranamual, Guru-guru Poka, Ambon Maluku 97233

Abstract
The study of potential fishing zones (PFZ) in Indonesia has been recognized for decades after the introduction of remote sensing technology for fisheries in the 1970s. Sea surface temperature (SST) and Chlorophyll-a concentration are the two main oceanography parameters used to determine potential fishing zones. Despite the popularity of this study, from which many research institutes produce such maps, there is still a big gap in understanding the accuracy of the map with respect to the vessels- behavior. One of the main reasons is the high-cost on validation methods such as conducting field surveys or engaging onboard observers. Furthermore, these methods can only cover a limited number of vessels and locations resulting in inaccuracy of PFZ. Using the available Indonesian VMS data, we can tackle those limitations. We analyze and match the VMS fishing efforts data against PFZ map based on time and distance variations. The PFZ map was sourced from LAPAN for a 1-year period in 2018 covering 6 project areas in the Java Sea, the Sulawesi Sea, the Maluku Sea and the Banda Sea. The VMS fishing effort data comes from Global Fishing Watch fishing algorithm which is run over Indonesian VMS data. The result showed that there were 1,476 vessels confirmed to fish around PFZs within the time variation ranging 1-3 days. The distance of the vessels fishing from the PFZ was less than 6 km. The study suggested that PFZ map is quite decent in forecasting the fishing ground locations. The result can be beneficial in developing the capture fisheries technology by providing science-based advice for reducing the operational cost in searching for the fishing ground.

Keywords
PFZ, VMS, Validation, SST, Remote Sensing

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/CAXk2GyrBmux