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In the last two decades the rate of deforestation in the Kesatun Pengelolaan Hutan Produksi (Production Forest Management Unit of Dharmasraya/ PFMU Dhrmasraya) is very high. Forest cover has been reduced from 90 percent to 15 percent between 2000 and 2018 in the area of 33,000 ha. This study aims to identify the causes of deforestation and map those who play a role in deforestation in the PFMU Dharmasraya region. The research was conducted in the PFMU Dharmasraya, West Sumatra from January 2015 to August 2017. This research used a qualitative research approach with multiple cases method. Data collection techniques were used includes in-depth interview, field observation, documentation, and secondary data analysis. Informants were identified using snowball sampling. Data analyzed with qualitative methods. The study found that deforestation begun since the concession was given to PT. Ragusa with the area of 66,000 ha in 1972, industrial forest concession (HTI) PT. Inhutani of 40,000 ha in 2002, and forest conversion through large scale plantation which started in 1986 covering 19,966 ha. After the end of timber concession in 2002, there was a vacuum condition of forest management by HTI license holders. The vacuum of forest management leads to deforestation initiated by local communities. Deforestation is caused by forest clearing into plantations by local communities who claims the forests as customary community land. Deforestation is supported by the process of buying and selling of communal land by local people to other parties. Generally, there are four actors who have a role in deforestation, including local people, non-local, government and private actors. They are classified as ulayat land sellers, buyers, and supporters. The four actors have created a social network of deforestation and using the customary structures to gain the recognition of forests ownership.