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Biotechnology within the agricultural sector, primarily refers to genetic modification technology. Nowadays, breakthroughs in the genetic modification (GM) crops have expanded regarding fulfilling the food, fuel and fibre consumption. More food needed for human rapid population growth. Moreover, the quality of food related to nutrition content also needs to be developed This article was explained the status of biotechnology in Indonesia compared to Australia by collecting the published article from the academic portals. It was found that the global status of the biotech crop was varied in several countries. Australia was at great in the area coverage of the biotech crop, with cotton and canola as the biotech crop grown in Australia. At the farm level in Australia, transgenic Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) cotton gives a major impact on Australian farm by controlling the pest. Indonesia has been introduced with Bt cotton as biotech. The Bt cotton seed supplied by Monsanto. But Monsanto stops the supplying seed at 2002 and shut down by 2003. In 2000 to 2002, bt cotton in Indonesia was unsuccessful due to complain the yield and pricing, moreover, that bt cotton against Environmental Management Law No. 23/1997. There are several GMO plants have received food, feed, and/or environmental safety certificates from the government of Indonesia such as corn tolerant insect, sugarcane tolerance in drought, improve soybean nutrition, etc.. However, due to incomplete biosafety assessments, there is no imported or locally developed GMO plants have yet been commercialized. While the approval is still in process, there are some developing GM crops research in Indonesia such as rice with Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE), drought tolerant rice, salinity tolerant rice, planthopper resistance rice, sugarcane drought tolerant, and another crop. Related to food safety, it is debatable about safety issue on GM crop due to the possibility of allergic reaction to new protein form from the GM crop. Then, the issue of unskilled and low knowledge farmer of GM crop contributes to social damage such as suicides cotton farmers in India. Sustainability in agriculture relates to the development of agriculture. It means economic, social and environment cannot be distinguished apart. Besides an economic impact due to obtaining the great yield, biotechnology can play a role to protect the natural resources by applicating to the infertile land, minimize the nitrogen usage; then, biotechnology contributes to reducing the pesticides usage and increasing the human health by preventing malnutrition. The challenges to develop biotechnology comes from the consumer-s perspective on the side effect of the biotech product, lack of the government regulation, high cost to produce the biotechnology product. The use of biotechnology is a necessity to meet the increasing world food demand. Then, increasing the knowledge of the society of the biotechnology product and increasing the research and develop