Indonesia Conference Directory

Corresponding Author
Sukarni Sukarni

Institutions
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Malang, Semarang Street 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia
2Centre of Advanced Materials for Renewable Energy, State University of Malang, Semarang Street 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia

Abstract
Characteristics and potential of microalgae Spirulina platensis as an energy source were studied in regard to the decomposition patterns, as well as kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. The thermogravimetric analysis was carried out using the TGA instrument (Mettler Toledo TG DSC 1) at a heating rate of 30 oC/min, with an atmospheric air flow rate of 100 ml/min at a temperature range of 25-1000 oC. The kinetic was evaluated using a differential method of Arrhenius. The results showed that Spirulina platensis microalgae decomposed into three stages. The first stage is related to the evaporation of water content, the second stage is associated with the release of volatile matter, and the final stage is the combustion stage of char. The kinetic evaluation resulted in the respective activation energy, logarithmic frequency factor (log A) and reaction order (n) are 53.57 kJ/mol, 4.4 min-1, and 1.73. It also understands from the thermodynamic analysis that the respective values of enthalpy (deltaH), Gibbs free energy (deltaG) and the entropies (deltaS) were 48.50 kJ/mol, 146,73 kJ/mol, and -174,78 J/mol.

Keywords
Spirulina platensis, Microalgae, Combustion, Kinetic, Arrhenius

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/K6YfPgMk8C4r

Corresponding Author
Didik Notosudjono

Institutions
Pakuan University
Brawijaya University
Pakuan University
Tridinanti University
Pakuan University
Pakuan University

Abstract
Bantargebang landfill located in Bekasi is the place where Jakarta dumps its waste, the production of waste that comes in the Bantargebang waste processing power plant (or TPST in indonesian) in average reached 6000-7000 tons/day. If the waste in the waste processing plant are not processed, it could cause undesired environmental pollution. So, with the construction of Waste Power Plant (or PLTSa in indonesian) in Bantargebang waste processing plant could lowers the pollution caused by the dumped wastes. Bantargebangs Waste Power Plant have a capacity of 15,6 MW but according to the evaluation result in 2017, the power plant only produces 250 KW electricity. Therefore the purpose of this writing is to evaluate the systems installed in Bantargebangs Waste Power Plant, identify the problem of the decrease in capacity and lowers the level of pollution contained within the area. Based on the evaluation result of attempting to fix the power plants system using capping and also vertical pipes to collect the landfill gas, it could generates 19,6 MW in the first year and eventually decreased in the following years, until the twentieth year reaches only 0,205MW. Aside from that, the gas engine itself which has broken needs to be fixed by having its sparepart swapped and applying a continued preventive care to minimalize future damages. The evaluation result also obtained that the Waste Power Plant manages to lower the greenhouse gases like CH4 and CO2 on which the CH4 in the first year amounts to 284.130 tons and CO2 amounts to 17.640 tons that decreases in the following years.

Keywords
Renewable Energy, PLTSa Bantargebang, Waste power plant, sanitary landfill

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/Tt3mCnxrVD7K

Corresponding Author
Ponimin fs

Institutions
University State of Malang

Abstract

Keywords
Keywords: earthenware ceramic, firing stove, heat waste

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/PY8dUuBQzVbj

Corresponding Author
Heru Suryanto

Institutions
1Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
2Centre of Advanced Materials for Renewable Energy, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
3Master Program of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
4Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia

Abstract

Keywords
Bacterial cellulose foam, disintegration, freeze-drying, high-pressure homogenizer

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/3YVmpU9juWKd

Corresponding Author
Heru Suryanto

Institutions
1Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
2Master Program of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, East Java 65145 , Indonesia
3Chemical Department, Mathematics and Natural Sciences Faculty, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
4Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia

Abstract

Keywords
bacterial cellulose, crystalline, freeze-drying, pineapple peel, XRD

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/RDQJAH7CtraK

Corresponding Author
Sukarni Sukarni

Institutions
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Malang, Semarang Street 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia
2 Centre of Advanced Materials for Renewable Energy, State University of Malang, Semarang Street 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia

Abstract
The availability of synthetic waste (SW) continuously increases, but on the contrary, fossil fuels resources always decrease. The potential of SW for alternative fuel is critical to investigate for overcoming the problem generated from its overabundance and to provide its value-added. In this study, the changes of the macromolecular and the mineralogical during the SW combustion processes were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The combustion has been performed by using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at a heating rate of 10 oC/min, from 25 to 1000 oC, with 100 ml/min constant flow rate of air atmosphere. According to the TGA results, the decomposition stage of the sample can be identified as a function of temperature and time. From ambient temperatures to 293 oC the sample experienced the first decomposition process that was correlated with the moisture losses and light volatile release. Macromolecular changes have occurred at the temperature 293 oC where a functional group of C-H in methylene was decomposed due to the removal of volatile matter. From the temperature of 293 to 485 oC the sample underwent the second stage of decomposition. The XRD result showed that mineral changes occurred at the temperature of 485 oC where KCl compound was formed. In line with the escalating temperature, the SiO2 was decomposed at the temperature of 590 oC. The final stage occurred at the temperature 625 to 1000 oC indicated by constant of TG line. At 625 oC, XRD result indicated the significant increasing of the CaCO3 compound.

Keywords
combustion; synthetic waste; macromolecular; mineralogical

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/UBD8MT4JRLHp

Corresponding Author
Anugrah R.W.

Institutions
UM

Abstract
In order to explore Fe minerals in Tiga Warna (Tiga Warnaed) Beach, we investigated to assess of geochemical fraction of Fe in sediment. The samples were leached of Fe using the optimized BCR microwave method. The optimized of BCR microwave method revealed the high accuracy and precision before Fe assessment. The leached of Fe in each of fraction in sediment were measured by AAS. The same patterns of explored Fe in the geochemical fractions from the sediment fraction 1 (mobile fraction) to fraction 3 (oxidisable fraction) as stated nonresistant sediment fractions showed lower portion of Fe compared with the Fe levels in sediment fraction 4 (residual fraction) or resistant sediment fraction. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) value and the geoaccumulation Index (I-geo) value of sediment samples in blue, green, and red waters indicating that the sediments of Tiga Warnaed Beach are still natural and has not been categorized as polluted.

Keywords
Fe, Sediment, BCR Microwave, PLI, I-geo, Tiga Warnaed Beach

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/aYyAWEqfpK2t

Corresponding Author
Anugrah R.W.

Institutions
UM

Abstract
Calcium is a metal whose presence can be used as an indicator of ocean acidification. Acidification of sea water occurs due to the effects of global warming. The form of Ca in calcium carbonate can be leached under acidic conditions. The assessment of Ca is very important to control of coral bleaching. This research used the BCR microwave method to investigate the residence of Ca bound to each fraction. The results showed the residence of 73 percen in fraction 1 and 22 percen in fraction 4 from total of Ca in sludge sediment. The highest level of Ca (64350.27 mg / kg) in the fraction 1 was compared with those in fraction 2, 3, and 4 indicating the easily mobilized of bleaching Ca in seawater and then deposited in sludge sediment.

Keywords
Sludge, Ca, Environmental Change, Risk Assessment, Gulf Coast

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/8jMHvGDdEYmb

Corresponding Author
Sukarni Sukarni

Institutions
State University of Malang

Abstract

Keywords
De-oiled seed, Cerbera manghas, Pyrolysis, Kinetics, Thermodynamic.

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/8ycZFQhEjb2X

Corresponding Author
Yanuar Rohmat Aji Pradana

Institutions
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia
2Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan

Abstract
Abstract. Subsequent processing through machining for biocompatible Zr-based BMG previously developed is needed in order to enlarge the material application, especially for medical devices. In this study the performance of CuCr tool on EDM process was investigated to cut biocompatible Zr-based BMG having low machinability nature. The experiment utilized volume loss technique to measure the TWR and consecutive SEM observation to reveal the tool wear phenomena of selected tool samples. The tool wear behavior was strongly characterized by the combination of discharge current and pulse-on time, where the larger TWR obtained by higher current and shorter pulse-on time. By SEM analysis, the irregular-shaped surface morphology with the presence of debris was observed on the tool wear region resulted by high discharge energy process. Additionally, the larger crater size, microvoids and numeorous debris particle were also appeared on BMG workpiece surface machined using higher discharge energy.

Keywords
biocompatible Zr-based BMG, electrical discharge machining, tool wear.

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/HbBAzCQL6wX4

Corresponding Author
Yanuar Rohmat Aji Pradana

Institutions
1(Jurusan Teknik Mesin, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang, No5, Malang 65145, Indonesia.

Abstract

Keywords
oil, Effect Of Pressure, Cooling Media

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/6V23QvtAmhxY

Corresponding Author
Diego Pradana

Institutions
Electrical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia

Abstract
Abstract. This research was conducted in the village of Ciporeat, district Cilengkrang, Bandung Regency, the focus of the study on the utilization potential of cow dung into biogas. The purpose of the research is to identify the physical and social conditions that support the utilization of cow dung into biogas, analyzing the potential utilization of cow dung into biogas, and analyzes the efforts of utilization of cow dung into biogas as an alternative energy. This research uses descriptive method, the number of samples as much as 76 respondents, data collection through surveys into the field. The research results show the research area has physical and social conditions that support the utilization of cow dung into biogas. Physical conditions including climatic conditions, availability of water, topography, slope of the slopes and soil. Where as the socio-economic conditions include knowledge about biogas, livelihood, education and income. In addition the village Ciporeat has considerable potential in cow dung into biogas utilization. This can be seen from the number of cows being kept ranchers mostly (51,32%) were kept > 3 tail, cow ownership status with 92,11% proprietary and maintained in its own. But the efforts of cow dung into biogas utilization is still low, it can be seen from the ownership of biogas installation only a fraction only manufacturing costs, 23,68% relatively expensive, biogas energy generated is still a bit so not able to full fill the needs of breeder fuel each day, approximately 48, farm location 69% far enough from home breeders, and the behaviour of ranchers who are lazy and disgust in cow manure processing, thus becoming a factor restricting farmer to take advantage of the cow dung into biogas. It was concluded that the potential utilization of cow dung into biogas in the village of Ciporeat is quite large, but the utilization done effort is still low, so breeders need to do outreach and more intensive training in order for cow dung is not discarded and left well enough alone that can pollute the environment.

Keywords
biogas energy, utilization of cow dung, the potential of biogas

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ZHGnEYJB6AVq

Corresponding Author
Sukarni Sukarni

Institutions
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Malang, Semarang Street 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia
2Centre of Advanced Materials for Renewable Energy, State University of Malang, Semarang Street 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia

Abstract
Pyrolytic characteristics and kinetics of cassava stalk as a renewable energy source were studied using a thermogravimetric (TG) analyzer. Around 10 mg powder of the sample was heated up in the chamber under inert conditions with 50 ml/min nitrogen flow rate and operated at a heating program of 20 oC min-1. The pyrolysis process of cassava stalk was taken place into three main stages, in which the peak reaction occurred at the second stage with 70% of the mass was degraded. The differential method of Arrhenius kinetic evaluation resulted in the values of reaction order (n) that was 0.99, activation energy that was 89.46 kJ/mol and logarithmic frequency factor (logA) was 7.7 min-1.

Keywords
Pyrolysis, Thermogravimetric, Cassava Stalk, Arrhenius Method

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/84YhEVcxpu3z

Corresponding Author
Fauziatul Fajaroh

Institutions
Universitas Negeri Malang

Abstract
Until now, used cooking oil (jelantah) has not been utilized optimally. This study seeks to convert this waste into biodiesel. Used cooking oil usually contains high concentration of free fatty acids which can be converted into methyl esters through transesterification by methanol. This effort is in line with the increasing need for renewable energy sources. Because of the waste still contains high concentrations of free fatty acids, then it is necessary to think about the proper process and utilization of superior catalysts for transesterification. One of the allegedly superior catalysts is ferrit-based nanocomposite catalyst, namely CaO@CoFe2O4. This hypothesis is based on the properties of ferrite which are thermally and chemically stable and can be drawn by magnetic fields. The particles on the nanometre scale are thought to show high reactivity as a catalyst. The composite with strong base oxide CaO which is not soluble in methanol is also a supporting factor.The purpose of this study was to synthesize and to characterize CaO@CoFe2O4, then to study its potential as a catalyst in biodiesel production from used cooking oil in various weight percent of catalyst. The main steps include: (1) synthesis of CoFe2O4by coprecipitation; (2) Impregnation of CaO into CoFe2O4 and converted to CaO@CoFe2O4; (3) Characterization of the synthesized material was carried out by XRD, BET, and SEM/EDX; (4) application of CaO@CoFe2O4 to biodiesel production from used cooking oil; (5) characterization of biodiesel produced. Based on the results of XRD and SEM/EDX analysis, the CaO@CoFe2O4 catalyst has been successfully synthesized. At optimum condition, the addition of 4% catalyst in trans-esterification reaction of used cooking oil produced 95.27% of methyl esters. This means, CaO@CoFe2O4 is a catalyst that can be seeded in biodiesel production.

Keywords
Renewable energy, biodiesel, CaO@CoFe2O4, catalyst

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/k3R9zqUWbgcK

Corresponding Author
Irma kartika

Institutions
UM

Abstract
Carboxymethyl kappa-carrageenan (CMKC), is the result of carboxymethylation of kappa-carrageenan. Carboxymethylation of k-carrageenan is carried out in two stages: (1) Alkalization of k-carrageenan using NaOH, to form alkoxy-k-carrageenan, then etherification of alkoxy-k-carrageenan with monochloroacetic acid (MCA) as reactant to produce carboxymethyl k-carrageenan (CMKC). The success of CMKC synthesis can be measured based on the value of the degree of substitution, (DS), DS is the average number of hydroxyl groups that are converted to carboxyl groups. The success of the conversion of hydroxyl groups into carboxyl groups is influenced by several factors, synthesis temperature, types of reactants and the polarity of the reaction medium. This study has been done to analyze the effect of the polarity of the CMKC synthesis reaction medium,to the DS value. k-carrageenan was reacted with NaOH, then the results were reacted with monochloroacetic acid, insome variation proportion of isopropanol-ethanol-acetone, as reaction medium. The value of DS of CMKC that were synthesized was measured by the titrimetric method. The results showed that the polarity of the reaction medium affected the value of DS CMKC. The highest DS value (1,7) was owned by CMKC which was synthesized in the isopropanol-acetone-ethanol (25:3:2) v/v as reaction medium.

Keywords
carboxymethylkappa carrageenan, polarity, degree of substitution

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/hvBqLrGfE9CH

Corresponding Author
Sukarni Sukarni

Institutions
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Malang, Semarang Street 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia
2 Centre of Advanced Materials for Renewable Energy, State University of Malang, Semarang Street 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia

Abstract
The prospect of microalgae Spirulina platensis-synthetic waste mixture (SPSW) as alternative energy to replace fossil fuels was investigated in term of the elemental composition changes during the combustion process. The microalgae Spirulina platensis (SP) sample was achieved from BBPBAP Jepara, Central of Java, Indonesia. While synthetic waste (SW) sample was taken from the temporary shelter in Malang City. A quantity of 30% of SP and 70% SW were mechanically mixed to warranty the uniform mixture in samples powder. SPSW sample was tested its chemical content by using Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). To understand the stage of thermal decomposition, the samples firstly were tested under the thermogravimetric (TG) instrument. The combustion has been performed at a heating rate of 10 oC/min at the temperature range of 25-1000 oC, under 100 ml/min constant flow rate of air atmosphere. From this experiments result could be specified the temperature of onset and end of the decomposition stage. In accordance with the temperature parameters, the new samples were heated up in the furnace with the similar TGs condition. The residuals left over at every stage then were analyzed their elemental composition to evaluate the changes of their content. The TG result showed that SPSW combustion occurred in &

Keywords
combustion; Spirulina platensis-Synthetic waste mixture; elemental composition

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/9FUeRD7xE8gJ

Corresponding Author
Sukarni Sukarni

Institutions
Universitas Negeri Malang

Abstract
Abstract. This study aims to analyze the thermal characteristics of Tetraselmis chuii (T.Chuii) microalgae in the presence of TiO2 (Titanium dioxide). The experiment was carried out on thermal analyzer equipment under inert condition. The blended sample has a mass ratio of microalgae and TiO2 that was 10:0.03 (wt%). The results of the thermal analysis show that the addition of TiO2 can change the temperature characteristics during the reaction process. The Coats-Redfern method is applied to calculate activation energy (Ea) resulted in the value of the blended fuel in the second stage that was 56.9 kJ/mol lower than that of pure microalgae that was 70.68 kJ/mol and conversely in the third stage the value of activation energy for blended fuel was 264.57 kJ/mol higher than pure microalgae that was 223.25 kJ/mol. Overall results pointed out that TiO2 had a significant impact on the thermal characteristic of Tetraselmis chuii during the pyrolysis process.

Keywords
Keywords: earthenware ceramic, firing stove, heat waste

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/TPw932DpReEc

Corresponding Author
Ardianto Prasetiyo

Institutions
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Malang, Semarang Street 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia
2Master Program of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, State University of Malang, Semarang Street 5, Malang 65145, East Java Indonesia
3Centre of Advanced Materials for Renewable Energy, State University of Malang, Semarang Street 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia

Abstract
The investigation of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on thermal characteristic of Tetraselmis chuii microalgae during combustion process has been carried out through a thermogravimetric (TG) analyzer. Tetrasemis chuii microalgae samples were cultured within 8 days at BBPBAP Jepara, Central Java, Indonesia. The microalgae sediment was dried at 80oC for 24 hours then was powdered by means of a mortar. Thereafter, the dried powder of microalgae was filtered with a size of 60 mesh. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were used as catalysts with the particle size of 25 nm, these were obtained from Singapore Sigma Aldrich. Amount of 0.03 mg of TiO2 and 10 mg of Tetraselmis chuii microalgae were mixed mechanically using a mortar to guarantee the homogeneous blend, and then this sample was heated up in the oven for 14 hours at 80oC. The TG experiment was performed at a temperature range 25 to 900oC with atmospheric air at a flow rate of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 15 oC/min. Differential method of Arrhenius is applied to evaluate kinetic parameters, including reaction order (n), activation energy (Ea), and pre-exponential factor (log A). The catalytic effect of TiO2 during the combustion process is compared with the pure of Tetraselmis chuii. The overall results of the investigation will be presented in the next full paper version

Keywords
Microalgae, Tetraselmis chuii, Titanium dioxide (TiO2), combustion

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/NrbzXBVvyKEx

Corresponding Author
Sukarni Sukarni

Institutions
Universitas Negeri Malang

Abstract

Keywords
Keywords: earthenware ceramic, firing stove, heat waste

Topic
Biomass, Biofuel

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/YT68rQeF7ZWV