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Abstract The research project to increase cattle production was conducted in South Sulawesi, Indone-sia of ACIAR funded projects in South Sulawesi (SMAR-2006-061). The project worked in 3 regencies (Bone, Barru and Gowa) and four villages in each. Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) are a vital component of Indonesia-s crop-livestock farming systems. Improving Bali cattle pro-ductivity on these smallholdings is essential not only to the Indonesian Government-s beef self sufficiency targets, but also to improving the economic development of farmers living in these regions. However, smallholder farms in the region are usually less than two hectares in total and comprise a mix of crop, forage, livestock and human activities. The aim of this re-search was to investigate how the introduction of cattle management practices impacted on household livelihoods. The result showed that these types of projects may contribute to im-proved livelihoods in the long-term, unlikely to be visible in short term.