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The aims of this study were to know what cognitive process occurred in writing argumentative text based on different gender and the factors affect the cognitive process of students in writing argumentative text. The population of this study was grade XII of Free Methodist Senior High School Medan in 2019/2020 academic years and the sample was the big ten rank of XII science. The sample was taken by purposive technique. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research design of which data were the transcript of think aloud protocol and retrospective interview. In analyzing the data, this research used model of Miles and Huberman, namely data collection, data reduction, data display, and data verification. The results of the data analysis showed that the cognitive processes of the different genders in writing argumentative text were different. The male cognitive process in writing argumentative text occurred in the two stages, they are (a) planning by organizing the ideas and (b) translating the text. While the female cognitive process occurred in three stages, they are (a) Planning by generating and organizing the ideas, (b) translating, and (c) reviewing by reading and editing the text. All of them were occurred because the first is their habitual on how they usually think and organize their writing. The second is because they have different ability in writing, and the last is also because they have a different language proficiency related to the second language.