Indonesia Conference Directory

Corresponding Author
SUNRIXON CARMANDO YUANSAH

Institutions
Hasanuddin University

Abstract
Rice straw is one of the lignocellulosic substrate that has not been used optimally and mostly just become an agricultural waste if not handled properly. Cellulose and hemicellulose content in lignocellulose structures of rice straw has great potential for thermostable enzymes production from thermophilic bacteria. The purpose of this study were to determine the effect of pretreatment in rice straw substrate on the total number of bacteria and its enzyme activity. The method used in this study include straw flour production, bacteria isolation and multi-level batch selection system, themostable enzyme production, total bacteria and enzyme activity measurement. The results obtained were combination of alkaline delignification and pressurized steam heating treatment resulting higher microbial growth pattern than the pressure steam heating only. Observation of pH showed pH decreasing in each treatment. The enzyme activity obtained showed fluctuating results due to the presence of diauxie phenomenon.

Keywords
bacteria, enzyme, pretreatment, rice straw, thermostable.

Topic
Other Agricultural and biosystems topic

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/QWVYF8XNPHUf

Corresponding Author
Nurul Wakiah

Institutions
Food Science and Technology Study Program
Department of Agriculture Engineering
Faculty of Agriculture
Hasanuddin University

Abstract
Snakehead fish bone is one of the fishery wastes that is potentially used as the raw material for calcium supplement products. In order to make the calcium products easily absorbed and utilized rapidly by human body, supplement products need to be made in nano form. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of the sonication time in the production of Snakehead fish bone nano calcium on the physical profile of the resulted nano calcium, and to obtain the best sonication time. The development of nanocalcium utilized sonication method with 405 Powersonic Ultrasonic Cleaner. The result showed that the best particle size distribution was found on 45 minutes sonication treatment which was 842.3 nm with the highest particle size ranging from 461,6 to 487,5 nm. The average value of the polydispersity index is 1.527. The yield of nano calcium produced from whole fish is 1.331%. The resulting nano calcium has an average white degree of 86.622% and average density of 0.73 g / ml.that nanocalcium had the best particle size distribution at 45 minutes sonication of 842.3 nm with the highest number of particles was around 461,6-487,5 nm with index polydispersity average of 1,527. The yield of nanocalcium from whole fish was 1.331%. The resulted nanocalcium has an average white level of 86.622% and an average density of 0.73 g / ml.

Keywords
Nano calcium, Sonication, Snakehead fishbone

Topic
Postharvest and food engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/N4EkLwfhRMJK

Corresponding Author
Sugeng Triyono

Institutions
1) Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture, University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Lampung Province, Indonesia
2) email: striyono2001[at]yahoo.com

Abstract
Abstract. This study aims to test three different storage tanks (mechanical cooler, Styrofoam box, and bucket) of nutrient solution to cultivate three Brassica vegetables (pak coi, mustard green, and kai lan) in a DFT system. Randomized Complete Block (RCB) used consisted of a single treatment with 3 levels (the three vegetables) and 3 blocks (the three containers). The parameters observed in this study included air (temperature and RH), nutrient solution (temperature, pH, EC, evapotranspiration), plant (height, number of leaves, plant weight, and ash content). Air temperature and relative humidity were recorded using a data logger with delay time of 15 minutes. Daily pH and EC of nutrient solution were measured by using a TDS and pH meter. Evaporation and plant height was measured by using a rule, number of leaves was counted, and the rest were measured gravimetrically at the harvest time. The results showed that temperatures of the nutrient solutions were minimum of 15C to maximum of 23-25C (stored in the mechanical cooler), minimum of 24C to maximum of 33-35C (stored in Styrofoam box), and minimum of 24C to maximum of 35C (stored in the bucket). The nutrient temperature in the cooler was practically lower than that in Styrofoam box and bare bucket. Crops cultivated with nutrient solution stored in the cooler were the best for some parameters observed, followed by the crops cultured with nutrient solution stored in Styrofoam, and the worst was crops cultured in the nutrient solution stored in the bucket. Shoot fresh weights of harvested vegetables were 148.18 g per plant from the cooler, 108.11 g per plant from the Styrofoam box and 85.07 g per plant from the bucket.

Keywords
kale, mustard, nutrient temperature, pakcoy

Topic
Land and water resources engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/hyAXZcteDjV9

Corresponding Author
Iqbal Iqbal

Institutions
Hasanuddin University

Abstract
Abstract, Sugarcane plantation of Takalar have big potential organic waste alike sugarcane litter. Sugarcane litter is organic waste that could be processed into organic fertilizer in form of compost. The objectives of this study were to determine the potential of sugarcane litter and to determine the machinery requirement for sugarcane litter management in PG Takalar. The result showed that the average availability potential of sugarcane litter in PG Takalar was 19.96% or 20% from each stem of sugarcane. In total, with 4 186 ha area of PG Takalar, the potential of sugarcane litter was 32 860 ton/year. Nowadays, in PG Takalar, the management of sugarcane litter is done conventionally by burning the litter in the field. It is also found from the study that to manage the sugarcane litter in 4 186 ha area, the number of machinery needed to support the mechanization of sugarcane litter management were 48 units of tractor, 13 units of trash rake, 31 units of trailer, 4 units of applicator, 18 units of chopper, 3 units of truck, 3 units of composting turner, and 3 units of loader.

Keywords
potential, management, mechanization, sugarcane litter, sugarcane

Topic
Energy and agricultural machinery

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ATM7dG2Y3nxz

Corresponding Author
Andi Dirpan

Institutions
1Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar,90245, Indonesia

2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia

Abstract
This study aims to create and analyze smart packaging indicators using methyl red and bromothymol blue solutions which apply to the avocado or other local fruits in Indonesia, especially in Southern Sulawesi. This research was conducted at the food processing laboratory by following several stages. The stages are; the solvent making with the addition of 5% NaOH, the soaking of each solution on filter papers (whatman no 1), then keeping it untouchable for 12 hours, rinsing and drying and implementing to smart packaging. The observation parameter is the indicator analysis used the colour index. The colour index value of methyl red solution pH 7.5 is in the 1st day 185 AU and in the 7th day 133 AU, pH 9.5 in the 1st day 190 AU and in the 7th day 130 AU, and pH 11.5 in the 1st day 195 AU and day the 7th AU. While the colour index value in bromothymol blue pH 7.5 solutions is in the 1st day 175 AU and in the 7th 130 AU, pH 9.5 in the 1st day 165 AU and in the 7th day 120 AU, and pH 11.5in the 1st day 160 AU and the 7th day of 123 AU. The best result of the colour change was methyl red solution with pH 11.5 based on the colour determination by using a digital microscope and analysed using Corel Drawx7 "Eyedropper Tool" software to be quantified.

Keywords
ph , indicator, smart packaging

Topic
Postharvest and food engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/2EheLGJY6FVA

Corresponding Author
Nikmah S.TP

Institutions
a) Hasanuddin University
Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10 Tamalanrea indah, Tamalanrea, makassar city, south sulawesi 90245
b) Faculty of Agriculture, Magister Programme of science and food technology

Abstract
Rice is the staple food which nutritious and important for humans daily consumption. The nutrients content in rice can be lost or reduced during the grains process. A method that can be implemented to prevent or reduced the risk of loss of nutrients content in rice is by germinating grains process. The germinating grains will increase the nutrient content of rice and grain itself. the grain will be soaked in water for several hours with variations in temperature and humidity then squeezed to germinate. The purpose of this study was: 1.) To analyze the effect of water temperature and humidity on soaking grain for the quality of rice produced. 2) to know the best temperature and humidity treatment for the quality of rice produced. The method of this research was germinating grains by variation of temperature and humidity. The variation of temperatur, 25, 30, and 35 oC 24 and those humidity, 80, 90, and 100 %. The parameters of this research, including Ash content, protein, thiamin, riboflavin, B12, mineral (Fe, Mg, Ca), antioxidant activity, water content, yield of rice milled, quality of each component, and organoleptic test. The data of this research was processed and tested by complete randomized design with one factorial, if the data found has a significantly different, data will be tested further with Duncan test. The result showed the data for Ash content, protein, color and taste of rice was a significantly different at 5% level on each treatment. For other parameters, thiamin and quality of each component was significantly different at 1% level on each treatment. The conclusion of this research, 1) Temperature and humidity variations on soaking grain can increase thiamin, riboflavin, B12, minerals, antioxidant activity, and protein levels

Keywords
rice ,grain garmination, soaking ,Temperature, Humidity

Topic
Postharvest and food engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/YWCzrA4279gJ

Corresponding Author
Ansita Gupitakingkin Pradipta

Institutions
a) Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
Jl. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
*ansita.pradipta[at]ugm.ac.id

b) CV. Gama Tirtabumi, Indonesia
Jl. Bonang No.4, Depok, Sleman 55283, Indonesia

Abstract
Rainfall-runoff transformation is carried out when the series of discharge data is limited or unavailable. One of the component of rainfall-runoff transformation is unit hydrograph, which can be derived synthetically. The selection of the representative synthetic unit hydrograph is fundamental related to the results of further calculation. This study compared three types of synthetic unit hydrograph, that were Gama I, Nakayasu and SCS. The study was conducted in Juana Watershed, which is located in Central Java Province and composed of 52 sub-watersheds. The calculation was carried out in the control point of Sentul Weir by using HEC-HMS version 4.2.1, in the case of January 2014 flood events. The results showed that the peak discharge from Gama I, Nakayasu, and SCS synthetic unit hydrograph were 80.78 m3/s, 85.32 m3/s and 78.89 m3/s respectively. Those results then compared with the flood mark in Sentul Weir which was estimated 76.53 m3/s. Therefore, the SCS method was determined as the representative synthetic unit hydrograph in Juana Watershed, refers to the minimum error value of 3.08%. Then the analysis of design flood hydrograph for the 52 sub-watersheds in Juana Watershed can be approached by using the SCS synthetic unit hydrograph method.

Keywords
synthetic unit hydrograph; watershed; SCS method

Topic
Land and water resources engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/6aH2XZMDngBt

Corresponding Author
Arifin Dwi Saputro

Institutions
(1)Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(2)Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

*Corresponding author: arifin_saputro[at]ugm.ac.id

Abstract
Tempering is one of the most important processes in chocolate making. Tempering is needed to ensure that chocolate has the correct melting point, hardness, snap and gloss. After tempering, cocoa butter crystallises in polymorphic form V, resulting in chocolate with melting point in the range of 33-34oC. This work investigated the impact of maturation duration and holding time of tempering process on hardness and appearance of dark chocolate. Five maturation durations namely 1,3,5,7,9 days and five holding time namely 3,6,9,12,15 hours were used as variables. The results showed that hardness of chocolate had propensity to increase as the maturation duration was prolonged. Similar trend was also observed as the holding time increased. However, no clear impact can be observed on the appearance of chocolate. Nevertheless, the oven method, seems to have potential for small-scale production of dark chocolate

Keywords
chocolate, tempering, crystal beta v, hardness, snap

Topic
Postharvest and food engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/HzgJEYWGmKat

Corresponding Author
Murtiningrum Murtiningrum

Institutions
a) Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada
* tiningm[at]ugm.ac.id
b) National working Group on Indonesia Modernization of Irrigation
c) Ministry of Agriculture
d) Faculty of Civil and Environment Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung
d) National Development Planning Agency

Abstract
In the last decades before entering 21fts century, many countries of the world have been facing critical issues of less in food production, lack energy availability and weak water recourses management as well. Beside of these issues another phenomenon dealing with climate change also is coming up and treating peoples in some respects. In the developing country such as Indonesia environmental load in term of increasing population rate occur tremendously. More peoples mean more resources have to be provided. However, some recourse is scares and others are not available every time. Better water resources management even this aspect was considered as critical one, but it was could be used as a tool to solve the problems properly. Increasing water users in the river basin would also create competition among of them. Recently about 80 % of water use in the world goes to irrigation purposes and most of them are managed inefficient and less effective way. Changing of government policy and change of ecology may made irrigation water management getting worst. Irrigation management could not implement by using conventional method. A new approach to make irrigation management running better must be setting up. The Ministry of public works and Housing to represent Government of Republic of Indonesia launched irrigation modernization of Indonesia program in year of 2011. This paper aims to present concept and implementation progress of the Program.

Keywords
modernization, irrigation, Indonesia, concept, implementation

Topic
Land and water resources engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ZfAtR7v9GHQp

Corresponding Author
Rizky Brisha Nuary

Institutions
a) Department of Agro-industrial Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
*rizky.brisha.n[at]mail.ugm.ac.id

Abstract
Salak Pondoh Sleman (Salacca edulis cv Reinw) is a product that has been certified as a geographical indication product. Therefore, maintaining its sustainability is importantly required. This study aims to determine the sustainability status of Salak Pondoh Sleman farming system based on its sustainability index, especially in a socio-economic perspective. To achieve the goal, the socio-economic factor that influences the sustainability status of Salak Pondoh Sleman farming system was determined. Economic sustainability was assessed based on income, selling price, and farming costs, while social sustainability was reviewed based on the participation of farmers in their group. A structured questionnaire was developed and distributed through a survey in three subdistricts area within Sleman District, namely Tempel, Turi, and Pakem in 2019. A multi-dimensional scaling for Rapid Assessment Techniques for Salacca (RapSalacca) test, a test developed for determining sustainability index based on an influential factor, was performed and revealed that selected attributes contribute to sustainable farming of Salak Pondoh Sleman. The sustainability of Salak Pondoh Sleman farming system is further explained in this study.

Keywords
Salak Pondoh Sleman, Socio-economic sustainability, RapSalacca

Topic
Other Agricultural and biosystems topic

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/Y4Xgfw6kWjQF

Corresponding Author
Suhardi Suhardi

Institutions
Hasanuddin University

Abstract
The decline quality of land of cocoa plantations mainly due to erosion by runoff. The application of the Zero Run-off system can reduce rill erosion by eliminating surface runoff. The study was conducted to get the dimensions and layout of the system of Zero Run-Off is effective in improving infiltration so there is no runoff. Dimensions of the system is designed using the water balance approach, where all runoff accommodated in the zero Run- off system then infiltrated. Surface runoff calculated by the method of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS). Potential rate of water inflow into the soil is a function of the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil and the surface area of the system. Soil hydraulic conductivity is determined by the falling head method. Dimensions of the system known through a simulation model based on the physical condition data of field using a dynamic model. The simulation results show that the dimensions of the system are required to enter the entire runoff into the ground in the form of infiltration is a function of rainfall, catchment area and the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. Using this data, the dimensions and position of the systems zero run-off can be determined accurately. For the conditions of research sites, the whole wet surface area of the system at 5 x 106 mm2 per m2. With a broad measure of the volume of water present in the systems of 0 to 0.0000055 m3, so that the system depths of 1,000 mm, then there is no runoff occurs.

Keywords
Zero Run-Off System, SCS, Water balance, Cacao Land

Topic
Land and water resources engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/NvpfVj8EyLgh

Corresponding Author
Gilang Kurrata

Institutions
1Dept. of Plant Pest and Diseases, Agriculture Faculty, Hasanuddin University of Makassar
2Student of Postgraduate School, Hasanuddin University of Makassar
3Graduated Student of Postgraduate School, Hasanuddin University of Makassar

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to found the distribution of Pyricularia oryzae races in three different regencies in South Sulawesi as well as gene analyze linked to the virulence character of P. oryzae in causing blast disease on rice. Determination of P. oryzae races was conducted using 1 set of rice differential varieties consisting of Asahan, Cisokan, IR 64, Krueng Aceh, Cisadane, Cisanggarung and Kencana Bali. Intensity of blast disease was observed seven days after inoculation using the IRRI evaluation standard using a 5-9 scale of necrotic area to determine the host resistance level. Molecular characterization of P. oryzae isolates code for their virulence characters was performed using primer Erg2 (1440 bp), Pwl2 (900 bp), and Cut1 (1730bp). The amplified DNA band appear for each primer of each isolate was evaluated with a value of 1 if present and 0 (absent). Out of 20 isolates were successfully collected: from Bone regency 8 isolates, from Maros regency were 8 isolates and from Gowa regency were 4 isolates. Inoculation of P. oryzae isolates on 7 differential rice varieties showed, that 12 races (000, 001,003,010, 020,023, 100, 102,110,111,173, and 251) were exist between P. oryzae isolates tested. However, the 020 race was dominant in all district. Using 3 primers coded for virulence of 10 P. oryzae isolates, only three haplotypes were found. There were haplotypes C-011, E-010, and F-110. Haplotype C-011 were most dominant (8 isolates), whereas haplotype E-010 and F-110 were present only in each one isolate respectively.

Keywords
Pyricularia oryzae, race, differential varieties, virulence genes

Topic
Other Agricultural and biosystems topic

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/KXj2GhZFp98y

Corresponding Author
Nova Anika

Institutions
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Abstract
To feed the increasing world population, the demand for food and consequently irrigation water is predicted to increase in the future. However, the amount of water available for agriculture is increasingly becoming uncertain in the face of global climate change. Therefore, improvement in water productivity is necessary for sustainable production of crops such as rice. Water productivity varies across regions and across fields within a region, and is dependent on several factors such as crop patterns, climate patterns, irrigation technology and field water management, land and infrastructure, and other inputs, including labor, fertilizer, and machinery. The objective of this study was to estimate water supply and demand in Sumani watershed, a primary rice-producing region, to analyze water productivity for sustainable rice production. Approximately 30% of the area in Sumani is paddy fields, which depend on the availability of water resources.. Approximately 67% of the rice fields are cultivated three times a year. In general, the planting schedule of rice is divided into three periods: main planting season (wet season), Gadu planting season (planting in the end of wet season and harvesting in the dry season), and dry planting season. Although the planting schedules are not uniform, we assumed these as uniform, to simplify the analysis, by using majority cropping schedule in the study site. To ensure water availability in the dry season, four types of irrigation systems were used: technical irrigation (TI), semi-technical irrigation (STI), simple irrigation (SI), and non-government irrigation (NGI). The results showed that depending on the planting season and irrigation system, water productivity varied from 0.33 kg/m3 in the Gadu season in areas irrigated by the SI and NGI systems to 0.73 kg/m3 in the wet season in area irrigated by the TI system. The average water productivity in the study area was 0.53 kg/m3. Water productivity in this study area was lower than the average water productivity in other rice production areas in Java and Bali.

Keywords
Irrigated area, rice, water productivity

Topic
Land and water resources engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/kzfNy8URhj2m

Corresponding Author
Budi Indra Setiawan

Institutions
a) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
* budindra[at]ipb.ac.id
b) Ministry of Agriculture, the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
c) Department of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
d) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan.
e) Kensetsu Kogyo Co., Ltd, Hagi, Yamaguchi, Japan

Abstract
Sheet-pipe is a sort of perforated mole drain placed horizontally between 30-50 cm below the land surface commonly having a water-logged problem. The sheet-pipe can be installed with a heavy machine mole drainer. The main purpose of installing sheet-pipe is to maintain or control the expected water table in farmlands. Sheet-pipe having a diameter of 5 mm has been installed at depth of 40 cm with a drain spacing of 4 m and length of 100 m covering a paddy field of 1 hectare located in Sukamandi District, Subang Regency, West Java, Indonesia. Field investigation and numerical studies were undertaken to figure out water head profiles surrounding the sheet-pipe. The paddy field installed with sheet-pipe can be drained faster (2 times) and in consequence, its water level can be managed easier. Right after an effective rainfall event (34 mm), the rainwater immediately infiltrates downward resulting in a parabolic curve of infiltration rate (maximum rate 0.94 cm/h) which clearly differs with a common infiltration curve (steady state 0.121 cm/h). Water level profile is horizontally flat except at the points closer to the sheet-pipe which is showing the presence of outward gradients of the water head. The electrical conductivity was low (0.33 mS/cm) due to the leaching effect. In this case, land productivity (around 6 t/ha) increased by 6%.

Keywords
waterlogged; mole drain; sheet-pipe; water table; water discharge

Topic
Land and water resources engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/J3HmUKz82LMZ

Corresponding Author
Byoung-Kwan Cho

Institutions
Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea

Abstract
Wireless magnetoelastic (ME) biosensor was designed to detect one of the most popular foodborne pathogen, Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157H7. Binding of the bacteria to the antibody on the gold-coated ME sensor surface changed the resonance frequency of the sensor under the magnetic field, which was quantified by a network analyzer. The response of the sensor to the increment of the concentration of E. coli was investigated. A detection limit of 4.5x105 CFU/mL with a sensitivity of 4.7 kHz were achieved by the sensor with the dimension of 1x0.2x0.023 mm3. The immobilization of antibody-antigen was proven with the fluorescence microscopy which measured the fluorescence dye at the antibody to confirm the successful performance of the immune response on the sensor surface. The results demonstrate that the wireless ME biosensor has good potential to detect E.coli rapidly and efficiently.

Keywords
Food safety, Biosensor, Foodborne pathogen, E.coli

Topic
Biophysics engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/xgw8BuTEJ2Ha