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Abstract Topic: Bioenergy

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Analysis of methods for determining the characteristics of a single spatial electromagnetic field
Khalikov Abdulhak

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Corresponding Author
Abdulxak Khalikov

Institutions
Tashkent Institute of Railway Enginering

Abstract
Introduction. Objective reasons are necessary for the birth of new theories and new ideas in science. If in some field of knowledge we would have, for example, an ideal theory that would answer absolutely all questions, then hardly anyone would have the desire to change this theory, somehow complement and improve it [1]. If we turn to the modern theory of electromagnetism as a concrete scientific theory, then this theory is completely permeated with all sorts of contradictions and paradoxes. Some paradoxes have their own names: “paradoxes of unipolar induction”, “secrets of unipolar induction”, “paradox of unipolar motor”, “paradox of rail motors,” “paradox of Goering”, “paradoxes of transformer” [5]. Up to now, almost no serious attempts have been made to change or supplement the well-known theory of electromagnetism. The reason for this was not only the contradictions and paradoxes of electromagnetic theory, but also the abstract mathematical formalism applied by Maxwell to describe various electromagnetic phenomena through electric and magnetic fields. Over time, the positive advantages of electromagnetic theory, which, undoubtedly, were, overshadowed its shortcomings and weaknesses. Contradictions and paradoxes in the theory began to be considered as only strange and harmless exceptions in the harmonious theory [1]. Mathematization of the theory played a significant role. The consequence of excessive mathematization of this theory turned the electromagnetic theory from the physical to the mathematical one. The theory of motion in time, the energy of rotation is in many ways similar to Einsteins theory of relativity. In fact, this theory of relativity has a dual character. The first peak of the theory is the peak of human knowledge; the second is the theory of movement in time. In this case, it is not necessary to know this theory, since the theory of motion in time allows you to look at the theory of relativity from the new side and makes it simple and clear [4]. The theory of movement in time is an effective tool for the knowledge of nature. The theory of motion is inextricably linked with the gravitational field. The non-explosive part of electrodynamics and gravity leads to the creation of a single spatial field, which Einstein dreamed of. The aim of the work is to combine all the fields: electric, magnetic, electromagnetic into a single electromagnetic theory of the spatial field. With the help of a single spatial electromagnetic field, such phenomena as the production of fine materials that cannot be obtained by any separators, and if possible, only with a large amount of electricity, are easily explained. Recently, more and more attention has been attracted to research in the field of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, where they work with objects whose dimensions are commensurate with the correlation radius of a physical phenomenon

Keywords
Unified spatial electromagnetic field, electric, magnetic, gravitational, wave equations.

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/hTf72CVUn9j8


Biodiesel Synthesis Using Recombinant Thermostable Lipase LK3 as a Catalyst
Titin Haryati1,2, Fida Madayanti Warganegara1, Made Puspasari Widhiastuty1, Akhmaloka1,3*

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Corresponding Author
Titin Haryati

Institutions
1Biochemistry Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia.
2Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology & Genetic Resources, Bogor, Indonesia.
3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Computer,
Universitas Pertamina, Indonesia.

Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of lipase as catalyst for biodiesel synthesis has several advantages compared to acid/base. Nowadays the study of biodiesel synthesis with lipase as catalyst usually uses commercial lipases, such as Novozyme®435 dan Lipozyme IM60. The problem with using lipase as a catalyst is a long catalysis time. Therefore high temperatures are needed for the reaction to proceed quickly. Industrial biodiesel requires thermostable lipase more. Therefore, application of local thermostable lipase in biodiesel synthesis is needed. The objective of this study is to find out the transesterification activity of recombinant thermostable lipase LK3 in biodiesel synthesis. The lipase used in this study is recombinant thermostable lipase which is over expressed on Escherichia coli BL321. A total of 900 uL (0.3 mg) LK3 lipase was added to 2 mL of oil. Biodiesel synthesis is conducted for 24 hours using palm oil and alcohol as substrates. The alcohol used was varied, i.e methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol. The molar ratio of oil:alcohol is 1:6 using 50% of n-hexane as solvent. The temperature of reaction was 550C. The content of FAMEs in the reaction mixture was analyzed using a GC-14B gas chromatograph equipped with an DB1 capillary column (0.25 mm×30 m) and an FID detector. The column temperature was set at 80°C for 0.5 min, raised to 200°C at 5°C/min and kept at this temperature for 20 min. The temperatures of the injector and detector were set at 200 and 210°C, respectively. The nonadecanoic acid (C19:0, Sigma) methyl ester at 2.0 mg/mL was used as the internal standard. The total yield from the biodiesel was finally calculated according to Elkady, et al. 2015. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The benefits of using lipase as biocatalysts are to produce clean products (biodiesel) and by-products (glycerol). Glycerol as by-products is easily separated through centrifugation process. Figure 1 shows the total biodiesel yield on alcohol variations as an acyl acceptor. Maximum biodiesel yield of 62% was obtained with ethanol as acyl acceptor group. Figure 1. Effect of alcohol variation on % biodiesel yield The results showed that alcohol as acyl acceptor group could directly impact on the efficiencies of enzymatic transesterification. Short alcohol gives bad effect to lipase conformation, but this result showed that LK3 lipase is ethanol tolerance. Therefore thermostable lipase LK3 is a potential catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. The peak related to the ethyl ester showed in Figure 2. Figure 2. GC Spectra for Ethanol as Acyl acceptor Group. References Ã, N. D. (2008). Enzymatic production of biodiesel from canola oil using immobilized lipase. 32, 1274–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.03.005 Cesarini, S., Pastor, F. I. J., Nielsen, P. M., & Diaz, P. (2015). Moving towards a Competitive Fully Enzymatic Biodiesel Process. 7884–7903. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067884 Elkady, M. F., Zaatou

Keywords
Biocatalyst, Biodiesel, LK3 Lipase,Thermostable, Transesterification

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/JE7aUBvgrcTH


Comparison of Antoxidant Activity Between Defatted and Solvent Temperature Treatment In Rice Bran var. IR-64 Extract
Retno Widyastuti (a*), Enny Purwati Nurlaili (b), Rahmat Dwi Irwanto (a) dan Sri Hartati (a)

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Corresponding Author
Retno Widyastuti

Institutions
(a) Agricultural Product Technology, University Veteran Bangun Nusantara, Indonesia
(b) Agricultural Product Technology, 17 Agustus 1945 University, Indonesia

Abstract
Extraction of bioactive components in rice bran is influenced by several factors, one of them is the type of solvent used. The rice bran var. IR-64 samples were obtained from Sukoharjo, Central Java, Indonesia. The aims of this research are to know the difference of antioxidant activity by defatted and non defatted treatment and to know the optimum temperature extraction of bioactive component in rice bran. The first step treatment is defatted rice bran extraction with using N-hexane and non defatted using ethanol 96% solvent. The advance step is non defatted treat used the temperature variation of ethanol 96% solvent. The temperature treatment used were 500C and 700C. The rice bran extract obtained will be analyzed yield, total phenol content using the folin ciocalteu reagent and antioxidant activity test carried out by the DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The results of the first stage research in non-defatted and defatted treatments showed that the antioxidant levels of rice bran extract did not significantly. Then the research continued to advanced treatment with variation of the temperature of ethanol 96% in the non defatted treatment. The results show that temperature treatment can increase significantly antioxidant activity in rice bran extract. The yield obtained in the non-defatted treatment was 17.27% with antioxidant activity of 62.52% and phenol content of 15.53 mg GAE/g. While the yield on the defatted treatment showed a result of 0.48% with an antioxidant activity of 69.97% and a phenol level of 5.334 mg GAE/g. Non-defatted treatments with temperature variations of 500C and 700C with 96% ethanol solvent obtained yields respectively 9,901 % and 7,934 % with antioxidant activity 82,086 % and 77,515 % and phenol content of 9,407 mg GAE/g and 5,938 mg GAE/g. The temperature in the extraction process affects the antioxidant activity of rice bran extract

Keywords
Antioxidant activity, defatted, rice bran, solvent temperature

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/bEuH6AP9gX27


Conceptual Design of Inventory Analysis Software to Support the Life Cycle Assessment in Palm Oil Production
Kiman Siregar, Supriyanto, Ichwana, Indra Sakti Nasution, Sholihati

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Corresponding Author
Kiman Siregar

Institutions
1. Department of Agricultural Engineering of Syiah Kuala University and Indonesian Life Cycle Assessment Network (ILCAN), Indonesia
2. Department of Mechanical and Biosystem Engineering, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, and Indonesian Life Cycle Assessment Network (ILCAN), Indonesia
3. Department of Agricultural Engineering of Syiah Kuala University, Indonesia
4. Department of Agricultural Engineering of Syiah Kuala University, Indonesia
5. Department of Agricultural Industry Technology, Serambi Mekkah University, Indonesia

Abstract
Life cycle assessment are method to analyse the environmental impact that consist of four main activities: goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation. The application of life cycle in palm oil Industry are very important and already conducted by many researchers. However, the most difficult task in life cycle assessment are the life cycle inventory. In this research, we proposed the software to support the life cycle inventory in palm oil production. The result of the study was the conceptual design of the life cycle inventory software.

Keywords
Life cycle inventory, software, life cycle assessment, oil palm, Indonesia

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/fyKmAhtduWJT


Design of Rotary Dryer for Sand Drying Using Biomass Energy Sources
Herry Susanto, Didik Sugiyanto and Yefri Chan

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Corresponding Author
Herry Susanto

Institutions
Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Darma Persada, INDONESIA

Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hebel brick or lightweight brick is a type of building material replacement for red brick, has a light weight compared to other bricks. Because of its various advantages, hebel bricks are increasingly sought after and in demand, especially by housing developers. Hebel brick is used as the main foundation in making the walls of the house. This is because hebel bricks are economical, lightweight, efficient and fast enough to be used in the construction of housing projects, apartments, hotels and other property projects. One of the materials used in making hebel bricks is sand. The water content of the sand used will affect the quality of the hebel bricks made. The less water content in the sand, the better the quality of hebel bricks will be made. To get sand with a little water content, it is necessary to do the drying process. And this fast drying process is carried out using a rotary dryer machine with a heat source for drying it from biomass energy. Therefore, this rotary dryer machine is designed to meet the need for dry sand with little water content. This rotary dryer machine is made by calculating the capacity of the dried material, rotary dryer rotation, the distance of moving material in the rotary dryer, the travel time of materials starting from entering to exiting, the motor power needed to rotate the rotary dryer wall and how much heat is needed to dry the sand. And from these calculations can be analyzed the performance of this rotary dryer machine, to determine the suitability between design calculations and test results. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This rotary dryer machine is made to dry sand as raw material in making hebel bricks. This machine is designed for a capacity of 2 tons/hour. This rotary dryer machine has a length of 4,631 mm, width of 2,238 mm and height of 2,655 mm. The components in this rotary dryer machine, including: rotary dryer shell, inlet hopper, outlet hopper, base frame, gear motor, sprocket, and biomass furnace. The design of this rotary dryer machine is shown in Figure 1 below: Figure 1. Rotary Dryer Design. Keywords: Hebel brick, Dry sand, Drying, Rotary Dryer, Biomass Energy, Heat. References 1. Hussain T., Shamraiz M., and Abrar S.U., Effect of Temperature And Vacuum on The Drying Rate And Various Parameters of Wood Samples, Using an Indigenously Designed And Developed Vacuum Drying System. (International Journal of Technology (2016) 5: 795-809). 2. Latifah A., Aulawi H., and Ramdhani M.A., Design of the automatic shoe dryer. (MATEC Web of Conferences 197, 11009 (2018)). 3. Atnaw S.M., Faizal C.K.M., Oumer A.J., Development of Solar Biomass Drying System. (MATEC Web of Conferences 97, 01081 (2017)). 4. Kirar D.S., Bhadoria H.S.., Pandey R., Configuration and Development of a Solar Cloth Dryer. (MATEC Web of Conferences 57, 01019 (2016)). 5. Kirar D.S., Bhadoria H.S.., Pandey R., Configuration and Development of a Solar Cloth Dryer. (MATEC Web of Conference

Keywords
Hebel brick, Dry sand, Drying, Rotary Dryer, Biomass Energy, Heat.

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/L37xaM6JhvFn


DEVELOPMENT OF CHARCOAL BRICKETS FROM BAMBOO FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROVIDERS
Galit Gatut Prakosa* and Atlan Maulida Fani

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Corresponding Author
Galit Gatut Prakosa

Institutions
Departement of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia

Abstract
Bamboo in Indonesia is already known as one of the building construction materials. In Indonesia, bamboo plants are a potential and abundant source of raw materials, although they are still uncultivated. Various types of bamboo grow and are spread almost all over the country. Bamboo is very likely to be developed in making charcoal, because bamboo is a fast growing plant, it can be maintained. Same as wood charcoal, bamboo charcoal is a microporous material that has a very good absorption (adsorption) for a specific surface area. This research was conducted to develop the opportunity of bamboo to become a provider of renewable energy. This research was carried out experimentally where the manufacture of bamboo charcoal briquettes would be an alternative energy supply. In the manufacture of charcoal briquettes used materials from Petung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus Asper) and Apus Bamboo (Gigantochloa Apus). Percentage of adhesives used in making briquettes is 5%, 10%, and 15%. Briquettes that have been made are used as an alternative energy supply. Testing the energy produced by briquettes using a prototype steam power device. The results of the study showed that the water content value of petung bamboo ranged from 6.1 to 6.9%, whereas for apus bamboo the higher water content was obtained, which was 8.4-10.7%. Testing of combustion rate aims to determine the fuel efficient rate of briquettes. The burning rate of charcoal briquettes for petung bamboo ranges from 0.25-0.32 grams / minute, whereas for apus bamboo the burning rate ranges from 0.23-0.29 grams / minute. Testing of briquettes on a prototype steam engine to determine the feasibility of briquettes as an alternative energy provider. Briquette fuel can produce electricity up to 4.1 volts and last for approximately 29 minutes. Background: Bamboo as a natural material that is relatively inexpensive and easily available. Bamboo is a potential and abundant source of raw materials in Indonesia. The use of fossil fuels triggers an increase in the rate of environmental destruction and pollution. This phenomenon raises a thought about the use of alternative energy that is clean and environmentally friendly. Several types of alternative energy sources that can be developed include solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass energy. This research was conducted to provide renewable energy whose raw material is from bamboo as an alternative electric fuel. Aims: Research to find out the opportunities for using bamboo as a renewable alternative energy provider. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out for 2 months, material data collection, sample making and prototype of the steam engine were carried out in Turen sub-district, Malang Regency. In the manufacture of charcoal briquettes used materials from Petung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus Asper) and Apus Bamboo (Gigantochloa Apus). Data collection and testing of charcoal briquettes was conducted in the forestry laboratory of the University of Muhammadi

Keywords
apus bamboo, briquettes, burning rate, moisture content, petung bamboo

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/YrKmMDXgRfQ9


Hydrolysis of Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch using Aspergillus niger
Sri Sugiwati, Suaidah, Eka Triwahyuni, Muryanto, Haznan Abimanyu

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Corresponding Author
Sri Sugiwati Sugiwati

Institutions
Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Abstract
Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) constitutes a great source of lignocellulosic biomass, mainly comprising of 66.97% of holocellulose (cellulose and hemicellulose) and 24.45% of lignin. This present work aimed to hydrolyze cellulose present in OPEFB to form glucose with aid of Aspergillus niger. Aspergillus niger is a type of filamentous fungi able to produce cellulase, a multi-enzyme complex consisting of endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and -glucosidase, able to converting cellulose into glucose. The glucose produced is then fermented to produce bioethanol. In this present work, we compared hydrolytic activity of cellulose between OPEFB with preteatment using NaOH 10% and OPEFB without pretreatment, with regard to temperature, pH, and hydrolysis time. The concentration of reducing sugar derived from cellulosic hydrolysis was determined by using glucose assay of 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid. The results showed that hydrolysis of cellulose operated at 40°C for 3 days yielded reducing sugar of 13.01 mg/mL (OPEFB-untreated) and 1.16 mg/mL (OPEFB-pretreated).

Keywords
OPEFB, hydrolysis, Aspergillus niger

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/adFKzrDE4UPB


Interaction of Tubers Seed Weight and Fertilizer Composition in Growth and Yield of Yam (Dioscorea alata L.) (A Study of the Potential of Yams Tuber for Bioethanol)
Wuryantoro , Praptiningsih GA , Ratna Mustika W and Bagus DW

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Corresponding Author
Wuryantoro Wuryantoro

Institutions
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Merdeka Madiun, Indonesia

Abstract
The tubers plant of the Dioscorea family is a carbohydrate-producing plant suitable for growing in Indonesia and has the potential to be developed to support diversification of food and energy which is increasingly important due to the reduced fossil energy. The Yam (Dioscorea alata L.) are easy to growth, and has a broad adaptability in terms of altitude and astronomical boundaries. In Indonesia, where the main food ingredients are rice, corn and cassava, making the yam potencial plant an alternative carbohydrate producer that will not compete with rice and cassava to support alternative energy. The research aims to obtain optimal cultivation techniques through efficient use of seeds and fertilizing, to provide sufficient carbohydrates for bioethanol raw materials from yam. The research was carried out in the Station Research of the Faculty of Agriculture, Merdeka Madiun University, done in the rainy season of November 2018 until July 2019. Tuber seed size and Fertilizer combination be tested by RCBD and analysis by F-test and DMRT. No interaction between fertilizer combination and size of tuber seed. Combination of organic fertilizer and addition of NPK inorganic fertilizers showed a significant response to the increase in tuber weight and biomass dry matter. While the size of seed tubers, the difference in size / weight does not significantly affect the tuber yield, although there is a tendency to increase with increasing tuber weight

Keywords
efficiency, organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, tuber-s seed siz

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/NW2U8RL3wTyX


Isolation of Cellulose-Degrading Bacteria and Evaluation of Their Cellulolytic Potential
Ida Bagus Wayan Gunam (a*), Nyoman Semadi Antara (a), I Made Mahaputra Wijaya (a), Yohanes Setiyo (b), Anak Agung Made Dewi Anggreni (a), I Wayan Wisma Pradnyana Putra (a)

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Corresponding Author
Ida Bagus Wayan Gunam

Institutions
a) Agroindustrial Technology Dept. Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Badung, Bali 80361, INDONESIA
* ibwgunam[at]unud.ac.id

b) Agricultural Engineering Dept. Faculty of Agricultural Technology Udayana University, Badung, Bali 80361, INDONESIA.

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to obtain a new strain of cellulolytic bacteria that could degrade lignocellulose waste as one of the abundant biomass into simple sugars such as glucose. Soil samples were taken from several locations in Bali and isolated using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-enriched media. Screening was carried out with Congo red-polysaccharide interactions test, degradation of filter paper test and cellulase activity test. One hundred and twenty-three isolates of cellulose-degrading bacteria were isolated, able to grow and utilize cellulose as a carbon source. However, only 45 isolates produced clear zones with the Congo red test and the cellulolytic index ranging from 1.43 to 7.76 mm. Three isolates from the seven potential isolates that have the largest clear zone were proceed to the next stage of testing. The Isolates of B2S8, G14 and G22 have the highest activity of CMCase and FPase. B2S8 bacterial isolate has the highest ability to degrade cellulose on Whatman paper no. 1 was 9.82%, followed by G14, and G22 isolates which were 7.03%, and 2.94% respectively. Those with the highest CMCase activity were isolates B2S8 followed by G22 and G14, namely: 0.075, 0,074, 0.072 IU/mL respectively. While the highest exoglucanase activity was G1-4 isolate (0.112 IU/mL), followed by B2S8 and G-22, namely: 0.072 IU/mL and 0.072 IU/mL, respectively.

Keywords
Lignocellulose; Isolation; Cellulolytic bacteria; Cellulase activity

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/TMydtXRPcprG


Kinetics Study on Production of Multi-feedstock Biodiesel
Hertanto, Melynda Christiana Rarasati, Apsari Puspita Aini, Hadiyanto

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Corresponding Author
Hertanto Hertanto

Institutions
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Indonesia
2 Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University, Indonesia

Abstract
Biodiesel can be produced from various vegetable oils, and animal fat. The abundant sources of vegetable oil in Indonesia such as calophyllum inophyllum, ricinus communis, soybean oil, corn oil, palm oil, and waste cooking oil were used as raw materials. Multi-feedstock biodiesel were used in this study to increase the flexibility operation of biodiesel production. This study was conducted to determine the effect of combination vegetable oils in the characteristic of biodiesel, and to determine the kinetic rate of the variables. Proses of esterification were applied for high free fatty acid feedstock before trans-esterification process which combine with other vegetable oils. Potassium hydroxide was used as homogenous catalyst, and methanol as another raw material. Acid value of calophyllum inophyllum can decrease from 54 mg KOH/gr oil to 2.15 mg KOH/gr oil after two steps of esterification. Biodiesel yield from multi-feedstock was obtained 71.42% with molar ratio methanol to oil 6:1, temperature 60°C, and 1%wt catalyst for 2 hr reaction time.

Keywords
multi-feedstock biodiesel, trans-esterification, calophyllum inophyllum, palm oil, waste cooking oil.

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/hLvgufaWXQC7


Microalgae Microbial Fuel Cell (MMFC) using Chlorella vulgaris and Batik Wastewater as Bioelectricity
Nadiyah Faizi Polontalo (a,b), Falvocha Alifsmara Joelyna (a,b), Abdullah Malik Islam Filardli (a,b), Hadiyanto (a,b,*)

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Corresponding Author
Nadiyah Faizi Polontalo

Institutions
a) Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Indonesia
b) Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy (C-BIORE) Diponegoro University, Indonesia
*) corresponding author: hadiyanto[at]live.undip.ac.id

Abstract
The increasing of human growth in Indonesia every year might cause the increasing demand for electricity. Electricity demand in Indonesia is estimated to continue to grow by 4.6% per year. Fossil fuel especially coal, plays an important role in electric steam power plant in Indonesia, which reaches 48% of total domestic capacity. However, the availability of coal as raw material will continue to decline because it requires a long time to be renewed. Other alternative energy is needed to fulfill the energy supply. One of the environmentally alternative energies that can be solved this problem is the microbial fuel cell (MFC) which utilizes organic matter (substrate) as an energy source of bacteria in carrying out its metabolic activities to produce electricity. This system utilizes waste water as a substrate so that it can be used as an ideal tool for electricity production. In this study, we investigated the electrical energy produced by MMFC (Microalgae Microbial Fuell Cell) using microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and batik waste (Figa Batik Collection) in Semarang. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the MMFC system based on the influence of yeast variations (8 gr/l and 2 gr/l), the concentration of batik waste (50% and 100%), and the number of graphite electrodes (1:1 and 2:2). The experiment starts from culturing Chlorella vulgaris until it has an absorbance closer to one. Then, a series of MMFC systems is carried out where the anode chamber is filled with 1 litre of batik waste and the cathode chamber is filled with 1 litre of Chlorella vulgaris. MMFC simulation is operated for 7 days, then every 24 hours the next voltage and current are measured to be processed into power density. The absorbance analysis and COD level were carried out with a spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that the concentration of 100% batik wastewater and 2:2 bars graphite electrode was the best results in MMFC process with the highest voltage and the highest current of the run was found to be 0.108 V and 0.039 A. Besides, the addition of yeast to batik wastewater has a major influence on the results of the MMFC process. Because, yeast became a catalyst in oxidizing waste which made electron transfer more frequent.

Keywords
Batik Wastewater, Bioelectricity, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Chlorella vulgaris, Microbial Fuel Cell, Power Density

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/jceRaHGd2hvq


Modelling Biodiesel Supply Chain: Current State and Opportunities for Future Research
Fitriani Tupa R. Silalahi , Togar M. Simatupang and Manahan P. Siallagan

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Corresponding Author
Fitriani Tupa R. Silalahi

Institutions
School of Business and Management, Bandung Institute of Technology

Abstract
The use of renewable energy is an important issue that is being promoted internationally at this time considering the supply of fossil energy is increasingly depleting and requires a very long time to be renewed. One of the uses of renewable energy that is being promoted is the use of biodiesel as a substitute for diesel fuel. This utilization is carried out by mixing biodiesel with diesel with quantity in accordance with the rules that have been applied in each country. That is why the biodiesel supply chain must be described in detail to obtain minimum economic costs and environmental costs. This paper presents a comprehensive review on current biodiesel supply chain models. A review on current state of biodiesel supply chain concludes by highlighting the unaddressed area or the gaps existing in the current literature by suggesting future research in biodiesel supply chain specifically in area case study in Indonesia.

Keywords
biodiesel, supply chain, model, biodiesel, supply chain, model, renewable energy, environment impact.

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/kxmnTRpHvYK2


Potential of Aloe Vera for Treatment of infection with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria on Koi Fry
rosidah AnggaNugraha Yuli Andriani Kiki Haetami

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Corresponding Author
rosidah -

Institutions
Departement of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia

Abstract
Potential of Aloe Vera for Treatment of infection with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria on Koi Fry Rosidah1, Angga Nugraha 2, Yuli Andriani3 and Kiki Haetami 4 1,3,4Departement of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia (Email : ros_ahdi@yahoo.com, yuliyusep@yahoo.com, kiki.haetami@gmail.com) 2Fisheries Student, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran; Indonesia (E-mail : angganugraha5043@gmail.com) ABSTRACT Alternative medicine to treat Motile Aeromonas Septicemia is one of them is aloe vera extract. This research has been carried out at Aquaculture laboratory and Biotechnology Laboratory of the faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Padjadjaran University. Research began from March 2019 to April 2019.This study aims to study the ability of aloe vera extract to treat koi fry which is attacked by A. hydrophila bacteria. The method used is the experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications. The treatment used was immersion with aloe vera extract with a concentration of treatment A (0 ppm), B (150 ppm), C (300 ppm), D (450 ppm) and E (600 ppm). The parameters observed were clinical symptoms which included damage to fish body, fish feeding response and fish response to surprises which were analyzed descriptively comparatively. The results showed that the use of aloe vera extract with a concentration of 300 ppm for 48 hours was effective to treat koi fry infected with Aeromonas hydrophila by healing relatively fast body damage, response to feed and fast and normal fast shock.

Keywords
Aloe vera extract, Aeromonas hydrophila, Koi, Clinical Symptoms

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/gvECdD79qHaf


Renewable Energy Development Prospect in The La pago Customary Region of Papua, Indonesia
Numberi Johni Jonatan*1, Korinus N Waimbo2, Samuel P Siregar3, 4 Julius Ary Mollet

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Corresponding Author
Johni Jonatan Numberi Numberi

Institutions
1, 3, Department Mechanical Engineering, Cenderawasih University, Indonesia.
(E-mail: johni.j.numberi[at]ft.uncen.ac.id; samuel.srg[at]ft.uncen.ac.id)
2Centre for Water Systems, University of Exeter, United Kingdom.
(E-mail: kw387[at]exeter.ac.uk)
4Economic and Business Cenderawasih University
(E-mail: Julius.mollet[at]feb.uncen.ac.id)

Abstract
A field survey on the energy condition in the customary region of La pago, Papua province has been carried out. The aim of this survey is to provide an insight into the actual condition of the energy availability and accessibility in the region to the governments and related stakeholders. The survey results show that, there are at least four renewable energy sources in the region that have potential to be utilized in the region. These are solar, hydro, wind, and biomass (i.e., biofuels and biogas). Installed capacity of hydropower plant in this region is about 149 kW which further from the available potential. These sources of energy have not been fully utilized, and hence lack of clean energy in the region is still a main problem that require attention from the government and stakeholders.

Keywords
Renewable energy, Customary region, Field survey

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/KqLzHGwP7pDF


Study Homogeneity Ethanol Solution under High G-Force
Salafudin, Ronny Kurniawan and Yulianti Pratama

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Corresponding Author
salafudin salafudin

Institutions
Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung, Indonesia.

Abstract
Distilation is still mayor unit operation used to produce bio-ethanol. Energy intensive used in distilation make high production cost of fuel grade bio-ethanol. In low concentration solution, they are much amount of free water which do not have interaction with ethanol. The condition make study homogeneity ethanol solution under high G-force is needed in order to know probability using centrifuge as pretreatment to increase concentration of ethanol solution. The study was done in laboratorium scale with batch centrifuge, and binary water-ethanol solution. The ethanol concentration was varied from 5% mol to 20% mol. The Centrifuge was run from 1918 to 2655 G-force with duration 3 to 30 minute. The result show that the homoginity of ethanol solution under high G-force could not be mantained. Along with increase radius the concentration of ethanol was decrease. Higher G-force, longer centrifugation time, lower concentration gave more effect of gradient concentration. Based on the result, centrifuge could be one of promising methode to increase ethanol concretration specially for low concentration ethanol. Background: Bioethanol is one of renewable energy with produced from fermentation process. Bioethanol concentration from fermentation process is around 5-10%, and Fuel grade bioethanol has concentration of at least 99,5 %. Distillation coulomb is still dominated unit operation used to increase bioethanol concentration from 5-10% until azeotrope point. Distillation coulomb is one of unit operation whose high operation cost. The Alternative unit operation which can replace of reduce the operation cost of distillation is very needed in order to make bioethanol has competitiveness compare with conventional gasoline. Aims: The aims of this study is to know the homogeneity of ethanol solution under high G-force and to know opportunity to used centrifugal force to separate ethanol from water. Materials and Methods: - Material used in this research is technical bioethanol solution and aquadest. - Batch laboratorial centrifuge was used. Bioethanol solution was put in centrifuge then turn on centrifuge at certain time and speed (rpm). Results and Discussion: Centrifuge was turn of and solution sample from bottom, middle and top of viral tube was taken and analysed the concentration. The homogeneity of low concentration of bioethanol solution under high G-force was study by comparation the concentration origin bioethanol solution and concentration bioethanol solution at bottom, middle and top viral tube witch has been under gone high G force from centrifuge. Conclusion: The result show that the homoginity of ethanol solution under high G-force could not be mantained. Along with increase radius the concentration of ethanol was decrease. Higher G-force, longer centrifugation time, lower concentration gave more effect of gradient concentration.

Keywords
low Concentration, Bio-ethanol Solution, homoginity, high G-force, Upgrading

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/NZgmAP4ehwfK


Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica from Rice Husk Ash and Corn Cobs Ash Using Alkaline Extraction
Donanta Dhaneswawa (a*), Alfina Nurul Haqoh(a), Jaka Fajar Fatriansyah (a)

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Corresponding Author
Alfina Nurul Haqoh

Institutions
a) Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Universitas Indonesia
*donanta.dhaneswara[at]ui.ac.id

Abstract
Mesoporous silica has been successfully synthesized from rice husk ash (RHA) and corn cobs ash (CCA) using alkaline extraction followed by acid precipitation. In this work, rice husk and corn cobs were combusted inside a furnace at 700°C to produce rice husk ash (RHA) and corn cobs ash (CCA). These ashes were treated by using NaOH aqueous and acid solutions, such as HCl or CH3COOH, to produced high purity silica. Thermal devolatilization of rice husk and corn cobs were studied by TGA analysis. The composition and morphology of the silica have been confirmed with FTIR analysis shows that the silica obtained has a group of silanol (Si-OH) and a group of siloxane (Si-O-Si), also the morphology was confirmed with SEM-EDX and x-ray diffraction (XRD) which stated that the obtained products were amorphous and also mesoporous silica. The pore volume and surface area of silica obtained have been done using Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) method. Silica from corn cobs with CH3COOH acidification has a higher surface area 360.5 m2/g and an average pore diameter 8.04 nm, while silica from rice husk with HCl acidification has a surface area 236 m2/g and an average pore diameter 9 nm.

Keywords
Rice husk ash; corn cobs; Reflux; Acidification; Silica gel; Xerogel

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/JNCEfTyQ8FvV


Techno-economic Analysis of Methanol Plant Based on Gasification of Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
Rudy Heryadi

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Corresponding Author
Rudy Heryadi

Institutions
Soegijapranata Catholic University

Abstract
Biomass from palm empty fruit bunch is considered as potential renewable energy sources to be developed in Indonesia. Palm empty fruit bunch can be efficiently converted into valuable and useful Methanol product through gasification. Research about Methanol synthesis from various biomass has been done, however little research about Methanol production based on palm empty fruit bunch gasification have been found, and no research yet on techno-economic analysis of Methanol plant construction based on palm empty fruit bunch gasification. The purpose of this research is to find early stage feasibility of small scale Methanol Plant Model based on gasification of palm EFB. Method Methanol plant design, investment cost estimation, operating cost estimation, and calculation to estimate profitability in term of economic feasibility parameters. Economic analysis calculated that the total investment to build Methanol plant in this study was USD 87,508,479 with manufacturing cost per annum USD 6,127,014. NPV calculated was USD -51,721,064 and IRR at 1.1 %. Based on NPV and IRR value, the construction of Methanol plant is not feasible. Feasibility predicted to be obtained when the capacity of the plant increased fivefold.

Keywords
EFB, feasibility, methanol, profitability, simulation

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/hvXyGdpMDRkq


The Potential of Main and Ratoon Crops of Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Highland as a Feedstock of Bioethanol
Praptiningsih Gamawati Adinurani1), Sri Rahayu,2) Luluk Sulistiyo Budi,3) Roy Hendroko Setyobudi4)

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Corresponding Author
Praptiningsih Gamawati Adinurani

Institutions
1, 2, 3 Department of Agrotechnology, Merdeka University of Madiun, Madiun, 63133, Indonesia
(praptiningsih[at]unmer-madiun.ac.id; srirahayu[at]unmer-madiun.ac.id; luluksb[at]unmer-madiun.ac.id)
4Department of Agriculture Science, Post Graduate Program-University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang, 65144, Indonesia (roy_hendroko[at]hotmail.com)

Abstract
Background: Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) has the potential as an alternative of bioethanol feedstock without impacting food security. The crop can adapt widely to diverse environments and altitudes and be able to produce on marginal land. The ratoon crop of sweet sorghum also followed the same trend to the main plant. According to Tsuchihashi and Goto (2008), sorghum plants can be harvested two to three times, including main and ratoon crops, so that it can be as raw materials of bioethanol in a sustainability. The sugar content of sweet sorghum stems ranges from 14 % to 23 % (Almodares and Hadi, 2009) and in the second harvest was reduced 20 % ( Mingli, et.al., 2012). Further, to increase the yield, application of biofertilizers in adequate quantities is required. Four sweet sorghum varieties were evaluated in a main and ratoon cropping system 800 m asl (above sea level) during April 2016- January 2017. Aims: The study was conducted to compare the sugar content, juice production, and total biomass between primary and ratoon crops some variety of sweet sorghum in highlands. Materials and Methods: This study had been performed in highlands location was Trosono Village in Parang District of Magetan Regency, Indonesia, with an altitude of 800 m above sea level (asl). This experiment uses a factorial design with three replications. The size of the plot is 3.5 m × 1.5 m and planting distance between rows and within a row are 70 cm and 20 cm respectively. Five plants in every treatment were randomly chosen to be measured. The factors have represented the dosage of biofertilizer are 5 g ∙ plant –1, 10 g ∙ plant –1, 15 g ∙ plant–1, and varieties of sweet sorghum are Suri 3, Kawali, Super 2, and Suri 4. The biofertilizers contain Trichoderma sp, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus subtilis, and indigenous mycorrhizae. Analysis of variance was undertaken using SPSS version 25, and treatment average separation was conducted using Duncan-s Multiple Range Test implemented in SPSS. Results: The result obtained from Duncan-s Multiple Range Test showed that the sugar content of sweet sorghum all varieties was no significant difference among the means in ratoon crops. However, the sugar content showed an increase compared to main crops. Meanwhile, the volume of juice extraction has decreased in ratoon crops. Figure 1 and 2 showed that the Suri-4 variety increases sugar content and also reduce juice production the lowest. Conclusion: Varieties Suri-4 used as feedstock for bioethanol better than other variety since has decreasing of the sugar content lowest in ratoon crops. References 1. Almodares, A. and M.R. Hadi. 2009. ‘Production of bioethanol from sweet sorghum-: A review. African J. Agri. 4(9), pp. 772-780. 2. Mingli W., Zhanguo X., Brandon T., Glenn F., David P., Zhenbang C., Jerry D., Jianming Y., Yen-Con H., Gary A. P. 2012. ‘Evaluation of Sweet Sorghum as a Feedstock by Multiple Harve

Keywords
altitude, biofertilizer, bioethanol, juice extraction, ratoon, sugar content, sweet sorghum, varieties

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/N2fCDFUt3P4G


The Production of Liquid Oil Using Polypropylene Plastic Waste by Pyrolysis Process
Jaelani Sidik(a*), M. Syaiful Hidayat(b)

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Corresponding Author
Jaelani Sidik

Institutions
a) Departement Mechanical Engineering, Wahidiyah University
Jl. KH. Wahid Hasyim Gg. Ponpes Kedunglo, Bandar Lor, Mojoroto, Kota Kediri, Jawa Timur 64114
*jaelani_s[at]uniwa.ac.id
b) Student of Mechanical Engineering, Wahidiyah University
Jl. KH. Wahid Hasyim Gg. Ponpes Kedunglo, Bandar Lor, Mojoroto, Kota Kediri, Jawa Timur 64114

Abstract
The problem of plastic waste in Indonesia has yet to be resolved. The amount of plastic waste produced by the Indonesian population is 28.4 thousand tons / day. Surely this problem gives the impression of environmental pollution considering that plastic waste is difficult to be degraded naturally. Plastic structure is a composition of petroleum hydrocarbon components. Surely, plastic waste can be converted into liquid oil. This study discusses the volume of liquid hydrocarbon oil produced from the cracking process of Polypropylene (PP) plastic waste. The pyrolysis process was carried out at 275-350 °C and the length cracking time was 240 minutes. From the research, the total of volume condensate was 1,700 ml or 85% of the mass of the raw material used. From the total volume of condensate produced, there were 8% obtained of solid condensate. So, The liquid oil that was produced from the process was 1,564 ml. From the research that has been done, it can be concluded that polypropylene plastic waste can be converted into liquid oil. The volume of liquid oil produced from the pyrolysis process is 1,564 ml or 78.2% of the weight of the raw material being tested

Keywords
Plastik waste;Polypropylene;pyrolysis;Condensate;Liquid oil

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/DdqktEvrTVmX


Treatment of palm oil shell biomass by using physical treatment for briquette production in completion energy needs at remote area.
Amaliyah Rohsari Indah Utami (a*), Suwandi (a), Yoga Alun Mustafa (a)

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Corresponding Author
Amaliyah Rohsari Indah Utami

Institutions
a) Engineering Physics, School of Electrical Engineering, Telkom University, Bandung 40257, Indonesia

Abstract
This research discusses a brief analysis about treatment of palm oil shell biomass by using physical treatment at different crushing pressure to examine the adequate size of particle for improving the heating value of briquette. The oil palm shell which was applied physical treatment at different crushing pressure of 400 Joule, 550 Joule, and 700 Joule, that resulted in particle size is smaller than 800 µm, 800 µm, 1700 µm, 2000 µm, and bigger than 2000 µm. The adequate size of particle for briquette was found to be 1700 up to 2000 µm, which reached heating value of 4696.2 cal.g-1.

Keywords
oil palm shell, briquette, particle size, remote area, energy

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/dC7FkU8v3aVA


Utilization of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Lactic Acid Production using Lactobacillus delbrueckii
Eka Triwahyuni, Suaidah, Sri Sugiwati, Muryanto1, Haznan Abimanyu

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Corresponding Author
Haznan Abimanyu

Institutions
Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Abstract
Indonesia as one of the largest producer of oil palm in the world generates tremendous solid wastes such as oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), oil palm frond, and oil palm trunk. These wastes are lignocellulose biomass which is composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content. Lignocellulose could be a good candidate for biorefinery application. Lactic acid is an important biorefinery product used in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, chemical industries, and others. One of the most increasing applications of lactic acid is its usage in the polymerization of lactic acid to poly-lactic acid (PLA). Generally, lactic acid was produced from petrochemical resources through chemical synthesis and still less research on the utilization of carbon sources from lignocellulose as feedstock for lactic acid production. Therefore, this work explores the production of lactic acid from EFB through separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) method using cellulolytic enzymes and Lactobacillus delbrueckii as lactic acid bacteria. EFB treated with alkali explosion was used for this study. Hydrolysis process was carried out at 50oC, pH 4.8 and 150 rpm of agitation for 72 h using Ctec2 and Htec2 enzymes. Subsequently, hydrolyzate was fermented by Lactobacillus delbrueckii to produce lactic acid. Variation of pH (5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0) and temperature (45, 50, 55, 60oC) on fermentation was conducted in this study in order to optimize the production of lactic acid.

Keywords
Oil Palm, Lactic Acid, Lactobacillus delbrueckii

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/jvu6tDTZxaAk


Utilization Photovoltaic for Electrical Energy Needs in Kelapan Island
Ikmal Pansuri, Rika Favoria Gusa, Wahri Sunanda

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Corresponding Author
Wahri Sunanda

Institutions
Universitas Bangka Belitung,

Abstract
INTRODUCTION A lot of utilization of photovoltaic as a source of electrical energy for the outermost villages or outer islands far from the main electricity network [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Therefore, it is an example for several regions, including in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, which is an archipelagic province with many outer islands inhabited to provide electricity supply. One of them for the people on Kelapan island. Location of Kelapan island in the district of South Bangka, Bangka Belitung Islands Province. Demographically the Kelapan island has 30 of households whose majority work as fishermen. Currently, the Kelapan island&

Keywords
kelapan island, photovoltaic, electrical energy

Topic
Bioenergy

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/thJu9bqnECZP


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