Indonesia Conference Directory

Corresponding Author
Shinta Amelia

Institutions
Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Abstract
The development of industry causes energy needs to increase. So that fossil energy reserves are increasingly depleting. This resulted in the growth of various alternative energies. One alternative energy that is being developed is biomass-based energy. Biomass is a renewable energy source that comes from plants both directly and indirectly. Indonesia is a country with a tropical climate that has a very large biomass potential. One of the methods that can be used in processing biomass is gasification, which is a process to convert solid biomass raw materials into fuels (syngas). The problem from the gasification process is the syngas produced has a low purity level. This is because there are still impurities that are contained in syngas. Therefore, a purification unit is needed in the gasification device. This research aims to make absorbents that can be used in gasification purification units. The types of absorbent used is coconut shell activated carbon. The pore structure of carbon is characterized by using an N2-sorption analyzer (Nova 2000, Quantachrome). Based on the results of characterization, it can be seen that the specific surface area of activated carbon absorbent from the coconut shell is 1320 m2/gram with an average pore diameter of 1.82 nm. The experiment device mainly consisted of gasification reactor, filter, and blower. The gasification reactor was installed to heating the biomass with the supply oxygen. The reactor had a height of 170 cm and a diameter of 50 cm in which the bagasse with the capacity of 15 kg/h was quickly burned. The gas filter contains the absorbent to clean the syngas product. The absorbent was installed in upper four holes. The blower was used to suck up the syngas. Some thermocouple and gas indicator were installed to monitor the condition in the system. The syngas production was analyzed by the GC/MS analysis. The effect of absorbent is to improve the syngas composition such as CO, H2, and CH4. The syngas contents in our experiment were CO, CH4, and H2 with a percentage of 9.294%, 1.348%, and 7.773%, respectively. These results are better than the previous research with the syngas contents are 7.891% of CO, 0.100% of CH4, and 0.889% of H2 because the previous research was not equipped the absorbent.

Keywords
Absorbent; Activated Carbon; Biomass; Gasification

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/mV8gRKC2qwGQ

Corresponding Author
Tri Hariyadi

Institutions
a) Chemical Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Jl. GegerkalongHilir, Ds. Ciwaruga, Bandung 40012
* tri.hariyadi[at]polban.ac.id

Abstract
This study aims to determine the effect of roasting temperature on chemical content of coffee beans at various fruit maturity. Robusta coffee was obtained from Karawang Regency, West Java. After picking, sortation, and drying in the sun to 10% moisture content, the coffee beans were roasted at 190℃, 200℃, 210℃ for 12 minutes. Physical properties observed were weight loss during the roasting. The chemical content observed were water, caffeine, fat, chlorogenic acid and ash before and after roasting. Chemical content analysis was performed using gravimetric methods, soxhlet extraction, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The color, aroma and flavor of roasted bean were conducted by organoleptics test. The results obtained, the ripe coffee bean with roasting temperature of 210℃ is the best, which gives the lowest yield. The unripe green beans have the highest water content. The roasting temperature did not provide a significant difference in fat, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and ash content. Organoleptic test results (color and aroma) showed that the mature beans with roasting temperature of 200-210℃ were the most preferred, while the coffee brew most preferred was overripe bean with the roasting temperature of 200℃.

Keywords
caffeine; fruit maturity; roasting temperature; robusta coffee

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/QkhFtufKdREW

Corresponding Author
Sri Wuryanti

Institutions
Politeknik Negeri Bandung

Abstract
Geothermal is one of the most significant natural resource potentials in Indonesia. One power plant that utilizes geothermal steam as its energy source is PLTP. Geothermal steam that has passed through the geothermal power plant separator to move the turbine while the residual waste (brine) with a high enough temperature has the potential to be a source of heating to produce electrical energy in the Kalina cycle generator. The Kalina Cycle is one of the brine utilization cycles that uses a mixture of two working fluids in the form of an ammonia-water mixture. Using brine, before entering the turbine, it must first become airtight in the evaporator. The design of the evaporator must be such that it meets the operative requirements namely the pressure drop value and the dirt factor. Different variations of brine rate will produce different pressure drops and soil factors. Brine rate variations are 80 tons/hour, 120 tons/hour, 160 tons/hour, 200 tons/hour and 240 tons/hour show the lowest pressure drop of 0.086 bar and the most massive 0.63 bar, and the smallest dirt factor is 1.47 × 10 -6 ((hr)(m^2)^oC)/Joule moreover, the largest is 2.69 × 10-6 ((hr)(m^(2)^o C)/Joule.

Keywords
brine, generator, electrical, evaporator, steam, turbin.

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ytgY3U8aPTLG

Corresponding Author
Asaf Kleopas Sugih

Institutions
Chemical Engineering Department,
Parahyangan Catholic University,
Jl. Ciumbuleuit 94
Bandung 40141
Indonesia

Abstract
Tapioca starch is isolated from the root of cassava (Manihot esculenta) plant cultivated mainly in tropical areas of Asia, Africa, and America. Tapioca starch has very low residual impurities, bland flavor, and superior gel properties. Native and modified tapioca starch has been widely utilized for food applications. In this research, a preliminary study on the use of different types of phosphorylating reagents (Sodium Tripolyphosphate/ STPP, Sodium Trimetaphosphate/ STMP, and mixture of both reagents) on the synthesis of modified tapioca starch was performed. Phosphorylation of tapioca starch was performed at a temperature of 130 oC , initial suspension pH of 9, and an intake of STPP of 5 %-w/w and/ or STMP of 2 %-w/w based on dry starch. The experimental result shows that modified starch products with Degree of Substitution (DS) of 0.0084-0.0132 (correlated to P-content of 0.169-0.258 %-w/w) were obtained. The use of both STPP and STMP phosphorylating reagents gives starch products with increased solubility. Phosphorylation with all types of reagent also increases water and oil absorption capacity as well as paste clarity of tapioca starch. The result suggests that STPP and STMP are potential phosphorylating agents for modified tapioca starch preparation.

Keywords
Tapioca; Cassava Starch; Modified Starch; Phosphorylation

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/4VNEYnbmUaxT

Corresponding Author
Setiyo Gunawan

Institutions
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
*Corresponding author:
Email: gunawan[at]chem-eng.its.ac.id
Tel: +62-31-5946240; Fax: +62-31-5999282

Abstract
Gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.) is one of tubers which is available in almost all regions in Indonesia. However, due to the high content of cyanide acid, these tubers cannot be consumed directly. Therefore, proper processing techniques are needed to improve the nutritional value in gadung tubers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fermentation time and initial bacteria cells number on improving the quality of modified gadung flour. Before fermentation process, gadung tubers were soaked in water at a ratio of 1:50 for 120 minutes to reduce levels of cyanide acid (161.83 ppm to 53.21 ppm). The fermentation time was performed for different periods of time (12, 24, and 36 hours) with intitial bacteria cell number of 1,21 x 1011 cells of Lactobacillus plantarum. The result showed that swelling power of modified gadung flour (6.75 g/g) was greater than wheat flour (4.57 g/g) but water solubility and flour whiteness degree of gadung flour (0.56% and 71.43%) were close to wheat flour (1.06% and 74,94% - 76.38%), for fermentation time of 36 hours.

Keywords
modified gadung flour, swelling power, water solubility, whiteness degree

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/tYCEw7Muec4h

Corresponding Author
Shitta Aspendira Dharmastuti Adisasmito

Institutions
a) Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia
Kampus Baru UI Depok
Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
*shitta.aspendira[at]gmail.com
b) Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia
Kampus Baru UI Depok
Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract
Succinic acid is one of the 12 top chemicals building block by the United States Department of Energy that has applications in various industries, such as food, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, cosmetics, and agriculture. One of the bacteria that can produce succinic acid is Actinobacillus succinogenes, which is included in the Actinobacteria phylum (0.86%) in ruminants, especially in the cattle rumen. Actinobacillus succinogenes has the ability to produce natural succinic acid with high yield value, productivity, and fermentation efficiency with renewable resources. Succinic acid can be produced through fermentation configuration from bacteria isolate with the help of OPEFB biomass as the carbon source. The fermentation process in this study uses a Semi-Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation configuration which is a combination of Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation configuration to increase the yield of succinic acid. This study aims to obtain bio-succinic acid using bacteria isolates from the goats rumen through SSSF configuration and obtain the initial glucose concentration, nitrogen source concentration, and concentration of pH regulating compounds to optimize the concentration, yield, and productivity of succinic bio-acid. This research will begin with the isolation of bacteria from the goat rumen, OPEFB preparations, and fermentation process will be carried out.

Keywords
Bio-Succinic Acid; SSSF; OPEFB; goat rumen.

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/jWXkKBzYHPE4

Corresponding Author
Mohammad Effendy

Institutions
University of Negeri Surabaya, Jl. Ketintang Surabaya, 60231, Indonesia
University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Jl. Jenderal Sudirman km 3 Cilegon, 42435, Indonesia

Abstract
The catalytic reaction is a heterogeneous process that involved gas and solid phases. To figure out the effects of changing the direction flow in alternating-Reverse Flow Reactor (RFR), the performance analysis on catalytic reaction rate must be considered the effect of interparticle diffusion. RFR is a fixed bed reactor where the direction flow was changed based time periodic. The dynamics flow caused the tortuosity behaves dynamically. It affected interparticle diffusion and eventually influenced the reaction rate. To interpret the influences of interparticle diffusion to reaction rate, it is approached by the effectiveness factors. The procedure was used to estimate the effectiveness factors by reaction rate simulation model, where the barrier of interparticle diffusion was considered in any point of reactor without numerical integration of diffusion equations in the pellet. The equation model was solved by software FlexPDE version 6, where arising of the direction flow was resolved by spatial measurements. The conversion of reaction from simulation method was compared by experimental data. The main parameter that contributed of simulation rate is effectiveness factor. The results indicated that the reverse flow operation in the fixed bed reactor produced the effectiveness factor that behaved dynamic. In particular, it can improve the performance of reactor if it is compared by steady-state conditions. The mathematical model that describes the dynamics of the oxidation of methane in RFR has been well validated

Keywords
Reverse flow reactor, Intraparticle diffusion, effectiveness factors dynamic

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/LkWByH7vbfN9

Corresponding Author
Isni Nur Sadrina

Institutions
Bioprocess Engineering Program, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, 16424, Indonesia

Abstract
Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) is one of the main types of solid waste which is continuously produced from palm oil mills. OPEFB contains lignocellulose to which the hemicellulose can be converted into furfural, an important precursor material used for producing high value chemicals, by means of hydrolysis reaction. This process must be preceded by pretreatment in order to disrupt compact lignocellulose structure of OPEFB and to expose hemicellulose for further hydrolysis reaction. In this study, the optimum pretreatment conditions of OPEFB for hemicellulose recovery by microwave assisted alkali method with aqueous sodium hydroxide is evaluated by using response surface methodology (RSM) based on three-level three-factorial Box-Behnken design. OPEFB powder with different size ranging from 30 - 40 mesh was immersed into sodium hydroxide solution at 1 : 10 solid-liquid ratio. Variations of sodium hydroxide concentrations (1; 2; 3%), microwave power (280; 560; 840 Watt), and radiation time (3; 6; 9 minutes) were examined in this study. The quadratic model showed that pretreatment at 593.43-Watt and 1.15 % sodium hydroxide concentration for 5.99 minutes recovered the highest hemicellulose of OPEFB i.e. 23.22%.

Keywords
hemicellulose, oil palm empty fruit bunch, microwave assisted pretreatment, response surface methodology, sodium hydroxide

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ZwUnQ9eHtRNT

Corresponding Author
Sutarsi sutarsi

Institutions
1 Departement of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia

Abstract
Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. known as temulawak, Javanese ginger or Javanese turmeric, is a plant species, belonging to the ginger family. This plant is originated from Indonesia, more specifically from Java island, and usually used as medicine. It contain high amount of phenolic compound namely curcumin. Supercritical carbondioxide extraction technique was employed to extract curcumin from temulawak. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature, pressure and CO2 flow rate to extraction yield and curcumin recovery from C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide and cosolvent ethanol. Box-Behken Design (BBD) experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize extraction yield and curcumin recovery. The extraction conditions at temperature of 40oC, pressure of 25 MPa and CO2 flow rate of 5.34 ml/min produced the optimum extraction yield of 10.4% and curcumin recovery of 3.2%. From FTIR analysis, although physical-chemical structure in starting material an residue almost similar, but the quantity of all functional grups in residue decreased from the starting material. From SEM analysis, it was confirmed that the cell was broken due to high pressure effect and finally the material structure was altered.

Keywords
curcumin, Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb., phenolic compounds, supercritical CO2 extraction

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/R8JnAMd6aHK3

Corresponding Author
Muthia Elma

Institutions
1 Chemical Engineering Departement, Faculty of Engineering, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru, 70714, Indonesia
2 Environmental Engineering Departement, Faculty of Engineering, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru, 70714, Indonesia
3 Material and Membrane Research Group (M2ReG), Faculty of Engineering, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia 70714

Abstract
Natural Organic Matter (NOM) content in peat water is a major problem of membrane fouling in ultrafiltration (UF). For that, two stages adsorption as pre-treatment was employed to minimize the membrane fouling of NOM content. This research were carried out to investigate the effect of two stages adsorption on ultrafiltration performance for NOM removal that remains in peat water. This method was using powdered activated carbon (PAC) dosage of 80, 160, 240, 320, 400, 480, 560, 640, 720, 800, 880 dan 960 mg L-1. Then, Polysulfone (Psf) material was employed for Ultra filtration process. Membrane was applied in a dead-end mode with various operating pressure (1; 1.5; 2; 2.5; 3 bar). As a results, the optimum dose of PAC was 800 mg L-1 with dosage ratio of 0.75:0.25. Two stages adsorption-UF PSf provided the range from 86.9 to 92.8% of KMnO4 and 74.1-88.1% of UV254. For the experimental condition of 3 bar, the highest flux was achieved up to 39.919 L h-1 m-2.

Keywords
Natural organic matter fouling, peat water, polysulfone, two stage-adsorption, ultrafiltration

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/n8NL9krUhHJw

Corresponding Author
Tina Mulya Gantina

Institutions
a) Energy Conversion Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Bandung
Jl. Gegerkalong Hilir, Ciwaruga, Bandung 40012, Indonesia
*tina.gantina[at]polban.ac.id

Abstract
The problem with the slow process of anaerobic biodegradation, especially in food waste, is that the rate of biogas production cannot keep up with high demands for fuel on the market. Several studies have been carried out to optimize the rate of biogas formation, including the addition of a microbial starters and pretreatments. The objective is to examine the production and characteristics of biogas with raw material for food waste (vegetable market waste) plus EM4 and GP-7 microbial starter, using batch biodigester system. The specific target of this research is to determine the performance of biogas manufacturing process by a combination of two techniques, the pre-treatments of raw vegetable waste and microbial starters. The research methods used consist of the design and manufacture of batch system biodigesters, determination of raw material characteristics, preparation of raw materials by pretreatment (enumeration and immersion in 3% NaOH solution) and addition of starters, namely EM4 and GP-7. By combining the two techniques, biogas production with greater volumes and concentrations of methane gas can be obtained in a relatively short period to catch up with market demands.

Keywords
food waste, anaerobic degradation, biogas production rate

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/mCA9LQzTedcB

Corresponding Author
N Nuryoto

Institutions
Chemical Engineering Departement, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa
Serang, Banten Indonesia; Email: nuryoto[at]untirta.ac.id

Abstract
In the heterogeneous system, reaction temperature and catalyst loading are very affected to the fluid diffusivities and molecular interaction in active sites of catalyst. Theoritically, increasing both of them ensued to increases the chemical reaction rate. The aim of this research was to know how effect of reaction temperature and catalyst loading to reaction rate in esterification of oleic acid with glycerol, based on oleic acid conversion result. The experiments were carried out in batch reactor by reaction temperature from 160 to 200oC, catalyst loading of 0.5 - 2 wt % of oleic acid, reactant ratio of 3 glycerol mole /oleic acid mole, reaction time of 80 minutes, agitation speed of 600 rpm, and mordenite natural zeolite as catalyst. Observation result showed that increasing the reaction temperature and catalyst loading were accompanying by increases of oleic acid conversion. The highest conversion to reach at temperature reaction of 200oC and catalyst loading of 2 wt % that was 75.08%.

Keywords
catalyst; batch; reactant; glycerol; oleic acid

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/WpadLRnfXGEB

Corresponding Author
Yohandri Bow

Institutions
a)Chemical Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, Jalan Srijaya Negara Bukit Besar Palembang, 30139
*yohandribow[at]polsri.ac.id
b)Electrical Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, Jalan Srijaya Negara Bukit Besar Palembang, 30139
c)Electrical Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Malang, Jl. Soekarno Hatta No.9, Jatimulyo, Kec. Lowokwaru, Kota Malang, Jawa Timur, 65141.

Abstract
Dried Tekwan is a processed fish and tapioca flour food product originating from South Sumatra. The conventional method in drying Tekwan is by letting it dried in under the open sun. However, the method of drying with an open sun produces a low-quality product and results in not-uniform dryness. Moreover, the traditional drying process takes a long time to get the desired dry product. To overcome this problem, a dryer is designed with a combination of photovoltaic and thermal backup units complete with the tilt angle control of raw materials. The utilization of solar energy in drying this traditional product called prototype photovoltaic dryer can reduce the drying time and uniform the rate of dryness. Tekwan is considered as a research object of tool performance based on energy analysis and air exergy in Tekwan drying. The fixed parameters are the amount and mass of raw material, and drying temperature, and the changing parameter is the drying time. Observations and calculations were conduction to obtain the best performance found in the variation of 4 hours of drying with the thermal efficiency of 84.48%, exergy efficiency of 77.61%, and exergy of 0.520 kJ / kmol. The drying process is also greatly influenced by environmental conditions such as the amount of irradiation intensity, temperature, humidity, and ambient air velocity.

Keywords
exergy, photovoltaic, solar panel, solar energy dryer.

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/37RhtBbnmeWu

Corresponding Author
Husni Husin

Institutions
a) Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
b) Graduate School of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
*husni_husin[at]che.unsyiah.ac.id

Abstract
Study of hydrogen production from aqueous glycerol solution using RuO2-loaded LaNaTaO3 photocatalyst is reported in this paper. This research aims to investigate the influence of RuO2 co-catalyst and glycerol as a sacrificial reagent on photocatalytic process of hydrogen production. La-doped NaTaO3 was prepared via sol-gel route. The RuO2 was loaded onto the LaNaTaO3 surface by impregnation method. The sample were characterized by Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The XRD spectrum shows that the La-NaTaO3 photocatalyst has high crystallinity. The SEM analysis indicates that the size of La-NaTaO3 photocatalyst is ranging from 100 to 250 nm without agglomeration and RuO2 as a co-catalyst is well loaded into the La-NaTaO3 surface. Loading RuO2 on La-NaTaO3 photocatalyst is proven to increase the rate of hydrogen production by 9.8 times with addition of glycerol as a sacrificial reagent. The highest hydrogen production activity was obtained at 0.3 wt.% ruthenium loading and increase significantly with increasing glycerol concentration. The role of co-catalyst RuO2 and glycerol as sacrificial reagent enhanced the performance of La-NaTaO3 photocatalyst by playing an active role in the separation efficiency of electrons and holes and the reaction of hydrogen formation.

Keywords
Hydrogen; Ruthenium oxide; Sodium tantalum oxide; Glycerol

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/6UWXFL3p4fKP

Corresponding Author
Brario Anindito

Institutions
Kampus Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Sukolilo. Surabaya 60111

Abstract
In the coal boiler industry, cyclone is used to separate silica sands (as a fluidizing medium) from flue gas (combustion gas from furnace). A gas-solid separation system with turbulent swirling flow that occurs in the cyclone will cause erosion on the cyclone wall. Erosion can cause a decrease the performance and increase the maintenance cost of cyclone. CFD simulation was conducted on the actual cyclone dimensions used in the coal boiler industry with a diameter of 5120 mm and height of 13970 .It was performed using the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach with Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) for turbulence in the gas phase and Oka model for the erosion model. The inlet velocities ranged from 7 to 8 m/s and the solid rates ranged from 30 to 40 kg/s with silica sands as solid particles (diameter between 0,075 and 1,5 mm). This study will analyze the erosion rate on the cyclone wall at various gas inlet velocity and solid rate variations. at Selected local area , the results shown that the higher gas inlet velocity for the same solid rate will increase the erosion rate (about 25%) and the higher solid rate for the same velocity will also increase erosion rate on the cyclone wall (about 17%)

Keywords
Cyclone , Erosion rate , CFD , Coal Boiler Industry

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/VHFyjRLWTeNk

Corresponding Author
Zuhdi Ma-sum

Institutions
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Abstract
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus), a traditional medicinal plant in Indonesia, has been considered to have a therapeutic effect and is widely used in the perfume and pharmacological industries. Considering the ability of Lemongrass Oils, this study was conducted to optimize the microwave-assisted hydrodistillation method (MAHD) for Cymbopogon nardus leaf samples to improve the yield and analysis of components of essential oils. Result optimization is done through Box-Behnken Design (BBD) from the surface response methodology (RSM) using three variable factors (extraction time, irradiation power, mass sample, and sample size). Based on RSM results, the maximum essential oil yield is obtained by 800 W microwave power, mass sample 20 g, sample size 1.5 cm at 90 minutes. The results showed that MAHD from 20 g Lemongrass, produced the highest volatile oil yield (2.26%) compared to 40 g mass essential oil (1.94%). Essential oils extracted by MAHD were analyzed by mass gas-spectroscopy (GC-MS) chromatography and showed the main constituents of them were Geranial, Z-Citral, beta-Myrcene, and Eugenol. This study reveals that MAHD can be an effective method for hydrodistillation of essential oils in Cymbopogon nardus in terms of shortening the time of hydrodistillation, reducing the optimum energy consumption and process.

Keywords
Microwave extraction; Cymbopogon nardus; Respon Surface; Optimization.

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/q2bfcxrApkDX

Corresponding Author
Denni kartika Sari

Institutions
University of sultan Ageng Tirtayasa

Abstract
Kappahycus alvarezi is one type of red seaweed containing kappa carrageenan. Lontar beach in Banten province is one that produce red seaweed In Indonesia. An important factor affecting the production of refined carrageenan is the temperature and extraction method. In this study Refined carrageenan extracted from kappahycus alvarezi using ultrasonic irradiation originated from lontar beach has never been studied. The objective of this research was determining the effect of temperature using ultrasonic irradiation and conventional extraction. The result indicated that higher temperature resulted in the increase of the carrageenan sulfate content, gel strength, moisture and ash content. The carrageenan moisture content demonstrated a fluctuated value due to temperature variation. This study suggested extraction process in 70 oC

Keywords
Kappahycus alvarezi, ultrasonic, red seaweed

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/6vA7tq3C4rJb

Corresponding Author
Echa Cahya Julyta Putri

Institutions
a) Master of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang-Semarang 50275, Central Java-Indonesia. Phone +62-24-7460058, Fax +62-24-76480675
b) Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang-Semarang 50275, Central Java-Indonesia. Phone +62-24-7460058, Fax +62-24-76480675
*siswo.sumardiono[at]che.undip.ac.id

Abstract
Rice is the main food for the people of Indonesia. Many nutrients are obtained from rice which is used as an energy requirement for the human body, such as fiber. fiber is a nutrient for the body that functions to shorten the transit time of food in the intestine, thereby increasing the stool mass in order to facilitate the disposal process for humans. Fiber can be found in rice on the market, but the fiber content in market rice is low. Therefore, the aim of this research is to create an analog rice formulation made from mocaf flour, avocado seed flour, and tofu waste flour using hot extrusion method which has a high fiber content in order to combine analog rice as a national staple food as a substitute for rice which is safe for consumption every day by the community . From the research that has been done, it was found analog rice formulation which has a fiber content of 26.98%.

Keywords
Analog rice; Fiber; Hot Extrusion

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/kVyu8n3tZrzR

Corresponding Author
Dhiyaul Helmi Ihsanti

Institutions
Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya,60111, Indonesisa.

Abstract
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is the process of converting hydrogen into liquid fuel through several stages, namely: polymerization of CO and H2 gases into long chain hydrocarbons. From the FT process that requires many of these steps, this research was carried out in order to be able to simplify the Fischer-Tropsch process through limited polymerization to obtain liquid fuels. By combining Co and Fe metal catalysts, it is expected to show better performance than the use of individual metals. Using a Fe-Co / HZSM-5 metal catalyst combination in a fixed bed reactor at a reaction temperature of 225oC. Fe-Co / HZSM-5 catalyst was made by wet impregnation, then Fe-Co/HZSM-5 catalyst was characterized using XRD, BET, and SEM-EDX. From the XRD results, the addition of Fe and Co did not change the crystal structure of the HZSM-5 catalyst. The surface area of the HZSM-5 was 526.03 m2/g and decreased after the addition of metal (Fe and Co) to the HZSM-5. This change indicates that Fe and Co particles were successfully dispersed on the surface of the HZSM-5 and inserted into the HZSM-5 pore. Hydrocarbon biofuel products are analyzed using GC-MS. The results of GC-MS hydrocarbon products showed the highest compounds for hydrocarbons C13 and C14 chains were 5.78% and 6.68% at 225 °C.

Keywords
Fischer-Tropsch, Fe-Co/HZSM-5, Hydrocarbon, Biofuel

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ZUEbjgwQ2HaX

Corresponding Author
Hafid Alwan

Institutions
a) Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, 42435 Cilegon, Banten, Indonesia
b) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia
*hafidalwan[at]untirta.ac.id

Abstract
The CFD method is used to evaluate the performance of the spray dryer operation in various geometry and operating conditions. This method is believed to be able to replace, complement, and strengthen the role of the experimental method in resolving problems that occur in the spray drying chamber. Through this method, the design information needed in the cylinder-on-cone spray dryer construction can be obtained. Especially related to the milk drying process. This information is obtained by investigating the performance of the spray dryer with several steps that must be passed. This investigation was conducted aimed at obtaining comprehensive design information. Stages carried out include, constructing thermophysical properties of milk, determining grid generation that includes grid shape and size, determining the size of the geometry of the spray drying chamber, and determining the angle of the droplet spray dryer. Thermophysical properties of milk are constructed in two ways, first using the Aspen Plus® V10 and mathematical equations obtained from experimental data from several researchers. The numerical solution solved through the CFD method using FLUENT ANSYS 19.0. The turbulent model used is Re-Normalized Group-kε (RNG-kε). This turbulent model is believed to be able to provide better results compared to the standard turbulent k-ε model. The standard turbulent k-ε model is built on the basis of turbulent isotropic and turbulent equilibrium, without any correction of the swirl. Through the turbulent model, the swirl RNG-kε found in the spray drying process can be calculated for its contribution. The contribution of the swirl in the turbulent model RNG-kε can be seen through the magnitude of the turbulent viscosity value (μt). The spray drying chamber in this study is represented in two-dimensional geometry (2-D). The shape of the grid used is a triangular (trilateral) form with a total grid of 574.942 elements. Through the shape and number of the grid, the jet pattern is far more stable so that it can minimize the presence of numerical errors. The variables used in this numerical investigation are geometry variable represented by the size of the diameter and spray angle. By using grid size and shape as well as the turbulent RNG-kε model, fluid flow patterns of each variable are obtained. This pattern of fluid flow basically represents the trajectory passed by the particle. Flow patterns that have strong backflow can cause high particle end temperatures. The reason is the particles are held in the drying chamber following the fluid flow. This flow pattern is created in the small size of space and wide spray angle. The problem that is often caused in the presence of particle deposits on the walls and product agglomeration. Through analysis of the droplet evolution curve into particles and sticky area curves, milk droplets can be traced to an area that allows deposits and agglomeration to occur. The result is particle deposition that often occurs in the walls of the cone and the wall near the atomizer. While agglomeration occurs in the product collection area. The design of the spray drying chamber which is considered the best to be built is a spray dryer with 2 m diameter and spray angle of 60 and 100 degrees in order to produce the final product with the low temperature and water content.

Keywords
CFD method, spray dryer, chamber, milk, flow pattern, sticky area

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/qbwK8eGFu4B9

Corresponding Author
Sri Mulyati

Institutions
(a) Graduate School of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
(b) Doctoral School of Engineering Science, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
(c) Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
*sri.mulyati[at]unsyiah.ac.id

Abstract
This works focuses on the fouling resistance evaluation of polydopamine-blended poly (ether sulfone) (PES) ultrafiltration membrane for water treatment application. The supporting PES membrane was prepared via common phase inversion method. The dopamine was introduced to the membrane by blending technique and the modification occurred by in-situ polymerization of dopamine into polydopamine which triggered by peroxide. The antifouling performances were studied in terms of flux recovery, reversible fouling, irreversible fouling, and total fouling. The relevant characteristics of the membranes such as surface porosity, chemical composition, water permeation, and solute rejection were also provided to support the analysis of antifouling performances. The results revealed that the presence of polydopamine in the membrane system significantly enhanced the fouling resistance of the polydopamine-blended PES membrane. The hydrophilic component in polydopamine reduced the interaction of membrane with foulant thus lowered the total fouling of only 18.92% with 13.50% reversible fouling and 5.42% irreversible fouling for modified membrane. In addition, the polydopamine-modified membrane successfully recovered up to 95% of the flux after backwashing, much higher than that of original PES which was only 67%.

Keywords
Antifouling; Ultrafiltration; Polydopamine; In-situ polymerization

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/6peDGCxfYKEZ

Corresponding Author
Anton Irawan

Institutions
a) Chemical Engineering Department- University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Jalan Jendral Soedirman Km 3 Cilegon 40135 - Indonesia *anton11975[at]yahoo.com

b)Chemical Engineering Department- Bandung Institute of Technology

Abstract
Nowadays, Plastics are widely used mainly as packaging. With the increasing use of plastic, the amount of plastic waste was increasing. Plastic was a material that was difficult to decompose naturally so that plastic waste will continue to accumulate. This condition will disturbance the environment. In other conditions, energy needs, especially fuel oil, are increasing but the availability of crude oil was limited. This condition requires alternative fuels to maintain the availability of fuel oil for the needs of industry, vehicles and households. Both of these conditions can be related to convert plastic waste into fuel oil through the pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis of plastic waste can be done as thermally and catalytically. The thermal plastic pyrolysis process can be carried out at temperatures between 400-500oC and pyrolysis time between 30-60 minutes. The results of pyrolysis of plastic waste produce fuel oil which can be used as fuel in industries such as boilers. GC analysis of gas composition, calorific value and flame test provide a description of the use of fuel oil from the pyrolysis of plastic waste.

Keywords
Plastic Waste, Pyrolysis, Fuel Oil, Calorific Value, Flame

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/BZ8hWR2Jtk4n

Corresponding Author
Medina Yasmin

Institutions
a) Deparment of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Kampus ITS Keputih Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111 Indonesia
*szulle[at]chem-eng.its.ac.id, szullehakim[at]gmail.com

Abstract
A direct conversion to produce biodiesel and chemicals from wet algae under subcritical water-ethanol mixture was presented in this work. This method is known as a green synthesis due to no catalyst required and unaffected by initial moisture content of the feedstock. In this study, carbon dioxide as pressurized gas and ethyl acetate as co-solvent were used to elevate the yield and purity of biodiesel and chemicals. Temperature (125-200oC), reaction time (15-120 minutes), and algal water content (90-200%) were investigated to optimize yield and purity of biodiesel and chemicals. Wet algae has been subjected into hydrothermal reactor together with water-ethanol-ethyl acetate mixture to produce microalgae-based biodiesel. It has been revealed that longer reaction time affected in increasing yield of biodiesel and chemicals while increasing temperature to 200oC had slightly effect in elevate yield and purity of both products required. Moreover, low moisture content of algal still preferred to achieve high yield of products

Keywords
wet microalgae; fatty acid ethyl esters; ethyl levulinate; subcritical water-direct conversion

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/xEkqXy3NPzwB

Corresponding Author
Dwina Moentamaria

Institutions
Chemical Engineering, State Polytechnic of Malang

Abstract
Bioflavor is an ingredient produced from the esterification reaction including free fatty acids and citronellol. Free fatty acids (lauric C12) can be obtained from the hydrolysis of coconut oil substrate. Both of these reactions use heterogeneous polyurethane foam (PUF) matrix catalysts which immobilize the lipase enzyme. PUF is used as an immobilized matrix, because it has characteristics as open cell, rigid, high porosity, consists of of the ether-, carbamate-, amide- groups , so it has the ability to absorb water-oil. PUF has been modified its surface structure by co-immobilized lipase coating technique to make it more hydrophobic / oleofilic. Co immobilized consists of a mixture of gelatine, lechitin, MgCl2. In this study, the PUF: co-immobilized ratio used is 1:10; 1:15; 1; 20; 1: 25; 1:30 (b / b) for the hydrolysis reaction. Characteristics of surface modification of PUF can be analyzed by SEM. The results of hydrolysis fatty acids are further reacted with citronellol with heterogeneous biocatalyst with a molar ratio of 1: 0.8; 1: 1; 1: 1,2; 1: 1,4; 1: 1,6. The modification results show a longer stability and can be reused, when compared to the free lipase. The resulting bioflavor had the highest citronellol conversion of 52,2%. Organoleptic test perceives the aroma of bioflavor to be softer than the strong aroma of citronellol.

Keywords
heterogeneus biocatalyst, polyurethane foam, coating, immobilized lipase, bioflavor

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/p6hwrYBgT7ca

Corresponding Author
Christian Julius Wijaya

Institutions
(a) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Keputih Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia.
(b) Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia.
*gunawan[at]chem-eng.its.ac.id (S. Gunawan)

Abstract
Due to its hydrophilic tendencies, the modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) is needed for applying in hydrophobic drug delivery system. The CNC are chosen as a potential drug carrier because it is safety for consumption and cannot be digested by human. Previous studies have investigated several modification agents, such as hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), to enhance the hydrophobicity of the CNC. Natural surfactants, such as rarasaponins (RS), are suitable to avoid the human health and environmental problems caused by the use of the previous modification agents. In this work, RS were attached to the surface of CNC from bamboo shoots (BS) by hydrogen bindings. The OH peak of the CNC/RS showed the higher lever compared to the initial CNC in the FTIR analysis. The initial concentration of RS and the temperature were studied to obtain the best condition of the modification process among the variables studied. Both variables have significances toward the q as the response, where is proven by the p-value less than 5%. The highest amount of linked-RS on the CNC (q) as big as 203.81 mg/g was obtained at a RS initial concentration of 2000 ppm and a temperature of 30C.

Keywords
cellulose nanocrystals, hydrophobicity, rarasaponins, surface modification

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/XGBMzQ8dveUc

Corresponding Author
Tun Sriana

Institutions
Politeknik Energi dan Mineral (PEM) Akamigas, Jl. Gajah Mada No. 38, Cepu, Blora, Jawa Tengah

Abstract
One of the potential candidates to produce biogas is food waste. The main composition in biogas are methane which has calorific value and carbon dioxide which has no calorific value. To increase calorific value of biogas, a purification process needed by removing carbon dioxide content. In this study, coconut shell charcoal is applied as activated carbon. The different flow rates of biogas entered into adsorption column are investigated. It was found that the optimum flow rate is 2 Liter/minute to increase methane from 90.20 to 98.14%.

Keywords
biogas, food waste, methane, activated carbon

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/3ZAwfQErNpkM

Corresponding Author
yanty maryanty

Institutions
Chemical Engineering major Politeknik Negeri Malang, Soekarno – Hatta street no.09 Malang – East Java, Indonesia. 65123

Abstract
Molecular docking technique in in silico analysis of cellulase enzymes from Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei was performed using Autodock Vina in the PyRx 9.5 program. The proteins used are Beta-1,4 endoglucanase from Asperillus niger (PDB ID 5I77), endoglucanase 1 from Trichoderma reesei (PDB ID 1EG1), Beta-1,4 endoglucanase from Bacillus subtilis (3PZT) and the ligand used is Cellulose (Pubchemerm reesei) ID 16211032). The PyMol 2.3.1 program is used to visualize the docking results, while the LigPlot 2.1 program is used to see the amino acid interactions that occur. Docking conducted in this study is blind docking by mimicking the interaction of target proteins and ligand control. Docking is a method for predicting the strength of interactions between receptors and ligands, based on binding affinity values. The more negative the value, the stronger the interaction that occurs between receptors and ligands. Compared with the results of cellulase docking enzymes, docking between richorderma reesei cellulose and cellulose gives the best results. Binding affinity scores (kcal / mol) Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma receii, Aspergillus niger are -5.9, -6.2, -5.9, respectively. After knowing the value of binding affinity, it is necessary to do further analysis, to see the interaction of amino acids between proteins and ligands, using the LigPlot program. The results of the interaction of Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma reseei, Aspergillus niger in hidrophobic binding are His235, Ala263, Tyr231, Trp207, Leu133; Tyr146, Trp320, Pro107, Gln174, Asp172; Ser233, Tyr227, Ser196 and Hydrogen Bonding Gln209, Glu169, Ser264, Glu298, His65, Trp291; Glu196, Glu201, Arg108, Ser318, Ser106, Tyr38; Gly232, Trp197, Asp163, Trp201, respectively.

Keywords
Docking technique, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma reseei, Aspergillus niger, binding affinity

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/Y7QbvXFDwEj4

Corresponding Author
Reno Pratiwi

Institutions
Petroleum Engineering, Trisakti University, Jl Kyai Tapa no. 1, Jakarta Barat, Indonesia
* reno.pratiwi[at]trisakti.ac.id

Abstract
Contiuous increasing of fuel need in Indonesia, at least in the last ten years, is the reason for improving domestically crude oil production. Exploitation in the form of oil drainage activities needs to be investigated further. Surfactants as an agents that believed can reduce interfacial tension, need to be determined the formulation and compatibility in their use for oil drainage from reservoirs. Screening of the conditions of surfactant operation needs to be done in order to provide optimal oil recovery. In this study a surfactant behavior test was carried out on AOS (Alpha Olephin Sulfonate) in a laboratory scale, using sandpack as a sandstone reservoir rock prototype, measured the effect of salinity and concentration on oil recovery in chemical flooding. From the measurements, it was found that a surfactant concentration of 1.5% worked optimally in formation water with a salinity of 10,000 ppm, and produced a recovery factor of 7.5%. The emulsion formed shows that the surfactant works in the upper phase, or tends to dissolve in oil, correlates with the basic ingredients of surfactant which is an oil base.

Keywords
Surfactant, EOR, Oil Recovery

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ucB48e2qahrp

Corresponding Author
Rosada Naulina

Institutions
Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember

Abstract
Intensification of biodiesel and other chemical products (ethyl levulinate) from rice bran using in-situ transesterication method without catalyst in subcritical ethanol – water has been investigated. This method known to be economical because the experiment steps are reduce and environmentally friendly because we no use a catalyst. Then, the method found to be unaffected in Free Fatty Acid (FFA) contents in rice bran and moisture, so that pretreatment was no required. In this experiment used CO2 as a pressure gas and ethyl acetate as co- solvent for increasing the yield. This reactor is equipped with a stirrer used a magnetic stirrer of rice bran, a mixture of water, ethanol and ethyl acetate in mol ratio 1: 10: 9: 2 and was inserted into the reactor, then injects CO2 gas to increase the pressure and to ensure the reaction occurs under subcritical conditions under an operating pressure of 80 bar. Temperature (120 – 200ᵒC) and reaction time (30 minute - 4 hours) were investigated to increase yield biodiesel and chemicals. It has been known that a longer time affects the increase in the yield of biodiesel chemicals followed by an increase in reaction temperature (200ᵒC).

Keywords
rice bran; biodiesel; subcritical

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/xtU2uvy3TPH4

Corresponding Author
Ardika Nurmawati

Institutions
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS), Kampus ITS Sukolilo Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia

Abstract
The addition of alcohol as an oxygenated compound, affect the vapor pressure of gasoline. In this study, the vapor pressure of isobutanol – isooctane/n-heptane blends were investigated. Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the binary systems of isobutanol + isooctane/n-heptane were measured at low temperatures ranging from 303.15 to 323.15 K. The measurement was carried out using simple quasistatic ebulliometer. The apparatus validated by comparing the vapor pressure of pure isobutanol, isooctane, and n-heptane with the published data and average absolute deviation (AAD) obtained was less than 0.83%. The vapor pressure of the binary mixtures correlated with the Wilson, Non-random two-liquid (NRTL), and Universal quasichemical (UNIQUAC) models. The AAD for isobutanol + isooctane system were 1.54%, 1.44%, 1.71% respectively and for isobutanol + n-heptane system were 1.73%, 1.65%, 1.99% respectively. The vapor pressure from the experiment for all systems shows a positive deviation from Raoult-s Law that indicates a nonideal solution.

Keywords
Vapor pressure, Isobutanol, Isooctane, N-heptane

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/7keZBp9vGQ4M