Indonesia Conference Directory

Corresponding Author
Yustia Wulandari Mirzayanti

Institutions
1) Department of Chemical Engineering, Industrial Technology Faculty, Institute Technology of
Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia, 60111.

2) Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering, Vocational Faculty, Institute Technology of
Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia, 60111.

3)Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institute Technology of Adhi Tama
Surabaya, Indonesia.

Abstract
The conversion of Ceiba pentandra oil to catalytic hydrocracking are suitable ways for biofuel. The focus of this study is to use Ceiba Pentandra oil catalytic hydrocarbon cracking and determine the alternative to petroleum fuels. The conversion of the Ceiba pentandra oil was carried out using a slurry pressure batch reactor, type 4563 PARR with a volume of 200 ml. This conversion process is done by varying the temperature factor (300-400oC), the reaction time over the range of 30-120 minutes and hydrogen pressure over a range of 30 bars using NiMo/HZSM-5. The conditions for the highest conversion of gasoil (C15-C18) as much as 43.78% were temperature of 400 minutes. The same conditions for kerosene (C9-C14) and long hydrocarbon chains (>C18) were present at 4.93% and 2.85% respectively. The kinetic study was determined to determine the order and kinetic parameters of activation energy (Ea) of 84,266 kJ.kgmol-1K-1 and the exponential factor from Arrhenius relationship. The order of this reaction has been determined of first order and the kinetic model is defined as -r_Tg=0.0157C_Tg. Ceiba pentandra oil triglycerides hydroconversion pathways were dependent on temperature and reaction time. The triglycerides could be hydrocracked to lower range hydrocarbons (C9-C14) by increasing the reaction temperatures.

Keywords
triglyceride conversion, catalytic hydrocracking, kinetic, NiMo/HZSM-5,biofuel

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/aU7QeGHZKJvu

Corresponding Author
Prayang Sunny Yulia

Institutions
a. Petroleum Engineering Department, Faculty of Earth Technology and Energy, Universitas Trisakti-Jakarta
*prayang[at]trisakti.ac.id

Abstract
The needs of petroleum as energy, have increasing while the oil production has depleting. Due to that needs, the method of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) or in other hands as tertiary recovery (after primary recovery and secondary recovery) is being developed. EOR has many methods; one of the methods is chemical injection that consists of surfactant, alkaline and polymer. In this experiment, the author is using surfactant injection. The using of surfactant is to decrease the interfacial tension between oil and water, with the result is surfactant can displace oil through rock pores. This study will be discussing about the effect of salinity, surfactant types and surfactant concentrations on surfactant injection for carbonate rock. Surfactant types that will be used are Alpha Olefin Sulfonate (AOS) and Tween 20. Each surfactant type has its concentration varieties as 0,1%; 0,25%; 0,5%; 0,75% and 1%. Salinity varieties of brine water are 10.000 ppm; 15.000 ppm; 20.000 ppm and 25.000 ppm. From this study, it will determine that how capable surfactant can displace the oil from rock pores, based on the influence of salinity, surfactant concentrations and surfactant types to recovery factor. The determination of recovery factor will be using these methods; Amott apparatus (imbibition process) and injection using core holder and syringe pump. The expectations from this study is there will be get the best result from many parameters of surfactant and brine water salinity to improve the recovery factor, especially on carbonate rock.

Keywords
EOR, surfactant, recovery factor, carbonate

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/DehUEn4uNw6M

Corresponding Author
Sanggono Adisasmito

Institutions
Chemical Engineering Department
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Indonesia

Abstract
The need for energy use is increasing along with population growth, increasing energy consumption by the community, and due to the use of various types of equipment to support comfort. Biogas production contributes as a sustainable renewable alternative energy because raw materials are easily obtained and economical. However, biogas emissions can cause damage to the environment due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide pollutants. One method that can be used for this separation is adsorption using laterite soil. The advantage of using laterite soil as an adsorbent is that it is cheap, easy to obtain, and adsorption can occur at room temperature. In this study, the parameters to be varied are particle size and mass of laterite soil used. Before use, the laterite soil is dried first at 100oC for 1 hour. The process of separating hydrogen sulfide from biogas was carried out by flowing biogas into the adsorption column with a diameter of 2.5 cm containing adsorbent of laterite soil. Variations in the experiment are particle size, 6 and 21 mesh, and bed mass is 30 and 50 grams. The biogas flow rate is kept constant at 1.5 liters / minute. The particle size and bed mass affect the performance of adsorption. Reduction of particle size of the adsorbent from 6 to 21 mesh caused the hydrogen sulfide adsorption capacity to increase to 2.13 times. The bed mass addition from 30 g to 50 g caused the hydrogen sulfide adsorption capacity to increase to 1.15 times. The adsorbent worked optimally when the particle size was 21 mesh and with a mass of 50 g which had hydrogen sulfide adsorption capacity up to 14.96 mg H2S / g adsorbent.

Keywords
adsorption, biogas, hydrogen sulphide, laterite

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/J6QM2mheZkpW

Corresponding Author
Ahmad Fauzan

Institutions
a)Chemical Engineering Politeknik Negeri Bandung
*ahmad.fauzan[at]polban.ac.id

Abstract
The population in Bandung continues to increase and its growth results in increasing necessities of plant products. Meanwhile, field availability is decreasing so a certain process of intensification in agriculture is needed. One of the ways of doing it is by creating plant bioreactors. The purpose of this study was to obtain the effect of composition and size variation of the bed on the parameters of hold up liquid to improve plant production. Fluid flowing is based on the concept of hold up liquid from a bed with medium consisting of compost and sand with various sizes (not sifted; 4 - 2 mm; 2 - 1 mm; 1 mm - 500 μm; 500 - 250 μm and 250-125 µm) and composition variations (100: 0; 25:75; 50:50; 75:25 and 0: 100) from compost and sand. The results showed that the bed consisting of sand and compost with a ratio of 25:75 with a diameter of 500 - 250 μm as a good composition in increasing the hold up liquid value of a bed with 0.75 hold up.

Keywords
Plant bioreactors, bed variation,capillarity

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/bdh3GnEgcUKR

Corresponding Author
Husni Husin

Institutions
a) Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
b) Graduate School of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
*husni_husin[at]che.unsyiah.ac.id

Abstract
Study of the mercury (Hg II) removal from aqueous solution has been investigated by adsoprtion using a low-cost bentonite nanoparticle. The nano-bentonite adsorbent was prepared by heating method at temperature of 400 Celcius. The activation was carried out by immersing natural bentonite in sodium hydroxide. The resulting powder was heated in the present of nitrogen gas as an activator agent. The bentonite sample was characterized by means of Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD). The prepared bentonite had a heterogeneous surface with a particle size of 300 nm. The nano adsorbent was tested in the absorption of synthetic Hg(II) solution which concentration varied from 5 to 120 ppm with 0.1 gram absorbent and volume of 100 ml. The adsorbed amount of Hg(II) was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The adsorption capacities were fully fit with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. It was found that the adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm model with and adsorption capacity of 6.086 mg/g. Therefore, we conclude that nano-bentonite can be a potential low-cost adsorbent for removal of mercury in water.

Keywords
Bentonite; Mercury solution; Adsorbent; Freundlich Isotherm

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/XwLJDa49NAPr

Corresponding Author
Nasrul Arahman

Institutions
Chemical Engineering Department
Universitas Syiah Kuala
Banda Aceh Indoensia

Abstract
Immersion-precipitation method was conducted to prepare polyvinylidene &

Keywords
triethyl phosphate (TEP), green solvent, physicochemical characteristic, Hansen solubility parameter.

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/tYK6uQp8rcRC

Corresponding Author
Masaji Suryo Jatmiko

Institutions
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Jl. Raya ITS, Keputih, Kec. Sukolilo, Kota SBY, Jawa Timur 60111

Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been proposed as a replacement to toxic and volatile organic solvents in biodiesel production, used to minimize methanol inhibition effect and enhance the stability of enzyme with low cost so that make the overall process is feasible. In this work, we use low-cost deep eutectic solvents (DESs) a new solvent for biodiesel production from wet microalgae. An energy efficient extraction of alga lipids from wet alga biomass was performed at subcritical condition of water. Subcritical water using DES as co-solvent Choline Chloride and Acetic Acid of algae lipid from wet pastes of Chlorella vulgaris (water content is 80-90%) was examined to investigate the influence of co-solvent ratio (1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6), temperature extraction (T (oC) = 125, 140, 160, 180, 200), biomass to solvent ratio, and extraction time (t (min) = 15, 30, 45, 60, 120) on the yield of biodiesel produced. This process is effective on wet and unbroken paste of microalgae biomass, so the FAME extracted using one-step with DES process is feasible for microalgae based biodiesel production. Further we optimized the extraction process and studied on its underlying mechanism. Among all ratio, Choline chloride-Acetic acid DES treatment showed optimal conditions at the mass ratio of DES: ethanol: algae biomass was 20:8:1 with reaction time was 60 min.

Keywords
Microalgae, Lipid Extraction, Deep eutectic solvents, Subcritical Extraction

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/qD9Qp8Nrd3ew

Corresponding Author
Tina Mulya Gantina

Institutions
a) Energy Conversion Engineering – Politeknik Negeri Bandung
Jl. Gegerkalong Hilir, Ciwaruga, Bandung 40012, Indonesia
*tina.gantina[at]polban.ac.id

Abstract
Brown coal (lignite) is a type of coal which possesses the lowest energy density relative to any other types of coal such as bituminous and anthracite. Its abundance, various usage, and relatively cheaper price is some of the many profitable traits for it to be used as an energy source for many industries. Because of the composition of the chemical compounds contained in lignite, harmful environmental impacts may arise along with the process of converting its energy through direct combustion processes. Its high water content along with low carbon content cause higher greenhouse gas emissions to be produced. However, the technology of using lignite as fuel does not only come in the form of direct combustion, a process called biosolubilization utilizes the role of microorganisms to convert solid coal into liquid fuel/chemical compounds while still producing environmentally friendly byproducts. This technology provides the opportunities to reduce the impact of pollutions caused by direct combustion and increase the utilization of lignite as a raw material for the production of liquid fuels without the involvement of thermal, physical and/or chemical processes. Studies found that lignite has a considerable abundance in Indonesia. In brown coal, the types and composition of aromatic compounds contained within it will affect the resulting compounds produced from the solubilization process. The more complex the chemical structure between aromatic compounds, the more difficult the solubilization process will become. Lignite, however, contains simpler aromatic compounds, a condition which optimizes the process. The opportunity to develop preparation techniques to obtain optimal biosolubilization results is still likely to be studied. The biosolubilization process involves several important stages, starting from coal preparations, optimizing the enzymatic activity of biosolubilization microorganisms, liquefaction processes, and depolymerization. The process of preparation and optimization of enzymatic activity has been widely carried out, the biggest opportunity for the development of biosolubilization techniques is the yield optimization within the process.

Keywords
lignite, biosolubilation, aromatic composition, enzymatic activity

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/Du2V4J6mrANj

Corresponding Author
Medyan Riza

Institutions
(a) Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Tgk. Syech Abdul Rauf No.7, Banda Aceh 23111 Banda Aceh, Indonesia
*medyan_riza[at]unsyiah.ac.id
(b) Laboratory of Industrial Computation and Optimization, Industrial Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Tgk. Syech Abdul Rauf No.7, Banda Aceh 23111 Banda Aceh, Indonesia
(c) Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh Lhokseumawe, Indonesia

Abstract
Optimization is a method of finding variable values that are considered optimal, effective and efficient to achieve the desired results. The experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between response variable and independent variable and the effect of independent variables to response variable. Multiple comparison tests can be used to find the level that makes optimal response. The purpose of this study was to apply the surface response method (Central Composite Design) to obtain optimum process variable conditions in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics. The fix variable in this study were 10 grams of tapioca starch, gelatinization of temperature 69-79oC and total mixture weight (base) consisting of starch, poly (NIPAM)-chitosan, citronella oil, 2% acetic acid and water (100 grams). While for the independent variable is composition of chitosan (0.35%; 0.45%; and 0.55% of total weight), composition of glycerol (1.5%; 2.5%; and 3.5% of total weight) and composition of lemongrass oil (0.25%; 0.35% and 0.45% of total weight). The response variable is tensile strenght and break of elongation for each biodegradable plastic sample made. The application of this response surface method can be used to obtain an independent variable that makes the optimal response variable.

Keywords
Biodegradable Plastic, Tapioca Starch, Poly(NIPAM)-Chitosan, Lemongrass oil, Response Surface Method

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/BQ6RjWFUGJ8a

Corresponding Author
Azhar Aditya Rahman

Institutions
Universitas Indonesia

Abstract
Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil commodity in the world. Around on fifth of the palm oil processing weight end up as oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). OPEFB is lignocellulosic biomass which contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The utilizations of cellulose and hemicellulose require pretreatment to open the lignin bond that covers those components. In this study, pretreatment of OPEFB using microwave assisted dilute ammonia method was carried out. OPEFB (30 - 40 mesh) were pretreated by ammonia solution with solid-liquid ratio of 1:10 under variated parameters such as ammonia concentration (7.5; 10; 12.5 %), microwave power (280; 560; 840 Watt) and reaction time (3; 6; 9 minutes).The hemicellulose contents of all samples were then characterized according to SNI 01-1561-1989. The results obtained were finally optimized using response surface methodology with the application of Box-Behnken model. The model showed that highest hemicellulose content of 27.3% can be reached at pretreatment condition of 665 Watt microwave power at 7.5 % ammonia concentration for 3 minutes.

Keywords
dilute ammonia, hemicellulose, oil palm empty fruit bunch, microwave assisted pretreatment, response surface methodology

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/EUuPvGnkzmhH

Corresponding Author
Yeni Variyana

Institutions
a) Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
*mahfud[at]chem-eng.its.ac.id

Abstract
Essential oil of lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus) or Citronella oil is widely used in industry, especially pharmaceuticals and perfumes. The microwave assisted method was successfully applied in extracting fragrant essential oils on a laboratory scale of extraction, namely Microwave Hydrodistilation (MHD). MHD is a combination of hydrodistillation with microwave for extraction. The purpose of this research was to study several effects parameters (material size, ratio of feed to solvent volume and microwave power) on the yield of citronella oil obtained by the MHD method and to find optimal conditions using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results showed that the smaller size of the material, the lower the yield of oil obtained. Then, the smaller ratio of feed to solvents in the MHD method results in higher yields. While the greater the power, the higher the yield produced. The highest yield obtained for extraction using the MHD method are the material size of 0.5 cm, power 800 W and the mass ratio of feed to solvent volume 0.2 g/ml of 1.673% ± 0.0085%.

Keywords
Citronella oil; Cymbopogon nardus; Extraction; Microwave Hydro-Distillation

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/YxmEBuXRvaDG

Corresponding Author
Mahfud Mahfud

Institutions
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
* mahfud[at]chem-eng.its.ac.id

Abstract
Microalgae is one of the potential raw materials in the manufacture of third generation biodiesel because of high lipids contents and not require large space for cultivation. In this study, Chlorella sp. chosen because of its high oil content of around 30% of the weight of dry algae. In this process the use of microwave irradiation can accelerate the in situ transesterification reaction by extracting microalgae lipids and simultaneously being converted to Methyl-Esters. The aims of this research is to study biodiesel (methyl ester) making through the Insitu trans-esterification process by studying the effect of acid catalyst concentration, microwave power and reaction time. The experiment was carried out in a 1000 ml flat bottom flask made of pyrex, with the influence of microwave irradiation and using a homogeneous sulfuric acid catalyst (H2SO4). Operating conditions at atmospheric pressure with operatings variables: catalyst concentration, microwave power and reaction time. To minimize the number of runs, the experiment was designed with response surface methodology using Box Behnken Design (3 factors and 2 levels). Oil and metyl ester extraction products were analyzed by GC-MS analysis. The results of the experiment showed that the yield of methyl esters increased with the length of extraction time, and was significantly affected by microwave power and catalyst concentration.

Keywords
Biodiesel, Metyl Ester, microalgae, Chlorella sp., Microwave, in situ transesterification.

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/w7bqEcYTHgD2

Corresponding Author
Wardalia wardalia

Institutions
Chemical Engineering, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa
Jalan Jend Sudirman Cilegon, Banten, Indonesia
*wardalia[at]untirta.ac.id

Abstract
The textile waste contains some colors, and also metals which can damage our body and environment. The example of the harmfull substance contain in the waste is methl Violet and lead metal. Methyl violet can cause inhallation and hurt alimentary tract if swallowed. Lead also cause some environmental effects. Lead can accumulated in soils, especially those with a high organic content, where it remains for hundred to thousand years. The solution of the problem is to reduce the contaminant by adsorption. Adsorpstion require adsorbent to perform. Adsorbent can be produced by biomaterial like a peanut shell. Peanut shell contains cellulose which can bend the color and metal so it will separate the contaminant from the water.This research have a purpose to modified and activate the adsorbent to optimal condition, define a characteristic of the adsorbent and define the adsorb capacity. This research is using a peanut shell as the material and furnaced at 450 degree within 2 hours, and screened to 80 mesh and agitated with KOH 50% to remove impuritues from the shells within 30 minutes at 180 rpm. The adsorben then modified by nitric acid 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% with 240 rpm agitation to increase the functional groups at 90 degrees celcius within 120 minutes.

Keywords
Adsorpstion; Waste; Adsorbent; Peanuts shell

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/Tjt7E3VJXG4w

Corresponding Author
Tri Widjaja

Institutions
(a) Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
*triw[at]chem-eng.its.ac.id

Abstract
Abundant coffee pulp waste can be used as a potential biogas feedstock due to its high cellulose and hemicellulose content. However, it contains lignin, caffeine, and tannin that cause severe effects on microbial activity inside the digester, leading to ineffective biogas production. Therefore, alkaline hydrogen peroxide followed by rumen fluid pretreatment had been performed to remove those compounds and improve digestibility of the substrate, respectively. Moreover, the study obtained to find the reaction kinetics in biogas production from coffee pulp waste using a semi-continuous anaerobic reactor with HRT 20, 25, 30 and 35 days and a working volume of 1.5 L operated at 37 oC. In this study, the chemical pretreatment resulted in 75% of lignin removal, 57.76% of caffeine removal and a decrease in tannin until 0.54%. The highest methane yield obtained in this study was 0.24 L CH4 g VS-1. The kinetic constants (k) obtained were; k1 (reaction-s kinetic constant): 0.2923 day-1; k2 (maximum rate of soluble organics production/degradation): 720.1309 mg SCOD L-1 day-1; k3 (saturation constant): 253.2091 mg SCOD L-1 day-1; k4 (maximum rate of TVA consumption): 1,426.0831 mg TVA-COD L-1 day-1; and k5 (saturation constant): 57,794.4025 mg TVA-COD L-1 day-1.

Keywords
Biogas; Coffee pulp waste; Kinetic constants; Pretreatment; Semi-continue anaerobic reactor

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/vE7UTrjLx9AC

Corresponding Author
Gita Indah Gita Indah

Institutions
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, 55191 Indonesia

Abstract
Potato may be used as a substitute to wheat which cannot be grown in the tropics. However, potato flour has characteristic physicochemical limitation compared with wheat flour. This study examined whether hydrogen-rich water can improve the physicochemical characteristic of potato flour as a substitute for wheat flour. We used a variation of soaking time in hydrogen-rich water (1,2,3,4 hours) and drying method (oven and UV). We found, physicochemical characteristic (water content, swelling power, and reducing sugars) better than wheat if soaked for 3 hours with UV drying method. So, modified potato flour using hydrogen-rich water can be considered as a substitute for wheat.

Keywords
wheat, swelling power, reducing sugars, soaking time, drying method

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/M7uyrAJhcNCm

Corresponding Author
Andri Perdana

Institutions
a) UChemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, University of Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Yogyakarta
*bgiartokd[at]gmail.com

Abstract
Population growth will increase human population in a particular urban area. Indonesia as a developing country has a significant population growth. The population projection in 2035 predicted by BPS redeems more than 300 million people. A significant increase in population has the potential to cause problems caused by waste due to community activities. Plastic is a type of waste that has a negative impact on the environment because it cannot be decomposed directly. Therefore, it requires technology to reduce plastic waste into liquid fuel by the pyrolysis process, so the conversion of products from waste in the form of plastics has economic value and can be utilized as an energy requirement of the community. In addition, Indonesia as an agrarian country, has abundant biomass potential that can be utilized as an energy source used to supply heat energy in pyrolysis reactors to convert plastics into liquid fuels. This research is an application of applied sciences that can be utilized by the general public. Plastic waste is classified according to type ; LDPE, PET and PP. Then plastic waste with LDPE type in the form of plastic bottle waste is reduced in size to 4-9 cm2 so that the pyrolysis process runs optimally. The plastic waste variables to be tested are: 0.5 kg, 0.75 kg, 1 kg, 1.25 kg, 1.5 kg, 2 kg. This amount of plastic is put into the pyrolysis reactor for 3-5 hours given the heating by biomass stove derived from biomass waste. In the pyrolysis reactor, decomposition of plastics into chemical compounds in the form of a gas phase then enters a cooler to convert the gas phase into liquid. The product of the pyrolysis process is then measured by volume to calculate the yield of each process variable. The application of this applicable technology shows that the process of converting plastic waste into liquid fuel with sequential results, namely: 142 ml, 156 ml, 165 ml, 216 ml, 236 ml, and 258 ml. Optimum results are shown in the 0.5 kg pyrolysis feed process with a yield of 28,4%. The average yield of the pyrolysis process is 18.6%.

Keywords
plastic, waste, biomass, energy

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/nPraYkjHbBTX

Corresponding Author
Muhammad Taufiq Fathaddin

Institutions
a)Petroleum Engineering Department, Universitas Trisakti,
Jakarta, Indonesia
*)mmarissa89[at]gmail.com
b)PPPTMGB Lemigas, Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract
In this study, CO2 Flooding simulation models were used to predict oil recovery. The models were previously validated by laboratory experiments of Continuous Injection and Water Alternating Gas (CO2) injection for miscible condition. Sensitivity test was performed to attain the best injection rate parameters.The simulation experiments indicated that the optimal performance for both methods obtained at injection rate of 0,09 cuft/day. The scenarios of continuous CO2 injection showed that the maximum recovery factor (RF) is 21%. While the scenarios of Water Alternating Gas, the maximum RF is 38%. Based on the whole scenarios used, WAG displacement resulted in more effective RF value than Continuous Flooding, within the range of injection rate studied.

Keywords
CO2 Injection, Simulation, Recovery Factor

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/eAnrc9zYMEdt

Corresponding Author
Misri Gozan

Institutions
Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16421, Indonesia
*mgozan[at]che.ui.ac.id

Abstract
Biogas is one of the alternative energies to overcome the increasing demand of electrical energy in Indonesia due to both population and industrial growths. In the growing cities, one source of biogas is the municipal waste. This study examined a biogas power plant proposal in Bantar Gebang which receives supply of approximately 6500 tonnes of garbage per day from all parts of Jakarta. It is assumed that a mixture of 60-70% CH4, 30-40% CO2 and other gases such as H2S is produced from anaerobic digestion. The overall heating value of this mixture is 6-24 MJ/m3, which is a half of the heating value of natural gas. Iron sponge is used to remove acid gases. The plant size is 2 ha which is located near the Bantar Gebang Integrated Landfill. Both gas and steam turbines are used to produced electricity. The produced electricity is sold to PLN, with price US$ 0.10 per kwh. With the 44.2 MWh/year electricity production, the income of this biogas power plant is around US$6 Million per year. The CAPEX is US$9,935,838 and OPEX is US$1,697,375.09 with the IRR 17%, ROI 32%, NPV US$ 4,471,949.2, and Payback Period in 6.8 years of production. These figures show that the biogas electricity plant is profitable.

Keywords
municipal waste; electricity; biogas; plant design

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/LWNnDxa2Ej3b

Corresponding Author
Lina Troskialina

Institutions
1) Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Bandung 40012, Indonesia
2) National Nuclear Agency of Indonesia, Jalan Tamansari No.71, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
3) Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Serpong 15314, Indonesia

Abstract
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) offer their ability to directly convert biogas into electricity via internal dry reforming. At POLBAN NiYSZ-based SOFC anodes were manufactured via aqueous tape casting. Raw materials such as NiO and yttria stabilised ZrO2 powders, glycerol, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and water were weighed and mixed. The obtained slurry was ball milled, de-gassed, tape-cast, and dried. The good green tapes were then sintered at 1200˚C. The sintered tapes were characterized for the electrical conductivity at 600-800oC, morphology and composition using SEM/EDX, and hardness using Vickers hardness tester. The resulted morphology and composition of the anode tapes were comparable with those of the reference anode tape, with pore sizes ranging from 100ɳm-1μm and 28% porosity (pore volume). The tapes- hardness after sintering were in the range of 170,3 HV and 212.2 HV. Under reduced condition, their conductivities were 0.0981 Siemens and 0.5291 Siemens at 750oC and 800oC respectively. The successful attempts to make NiYSZ-based SOFC anodes using locally available materials and equipment are promising as the initial steps for further development of SOFC manufacturing in Indonesia. The next steps to do in this work are to evaluate the catalytic activities of the anode towards dry reforming, then to build the full SOFCs and to test their electrochemical performance.

Keywords
solid oxide fuel cells; Ni-YSZ anodes; aqueous tape casting

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/nfMd29mUWReT

Corresponding Author
Widya Ernayati Kosimaningrum

Institutions
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Jl. Jendral Sudirman km.3 Cilegon, Banten

Abstract
A dressing is usually applied on the wound care product to help healing process and prevent an infection as well as a complication. Many serious wounds such as heavy burns, diabetic wound, and surgical wound are requiring special dressing which has both antibacterial and proper wound drainage management properties to promote faster healing. Hydrogel composed of chitosan, honey, and gelatin can be a good candidate which provides match properties as required. Preparation of hydrogel has been conducted by physical mixing of the solution of chitosan, honey, and gelatin at 40oC. Then, the mixture was casted to form hydrogel films by each 2-4 mm thickness and followed by drying at 37o C for 24 hours. The resulted hydrogels are characterized to confirm its potential as wound care dressing by measuring gel fraction, swelling index, and antibacterial activity. The gel fraction of the hydrogel composed of 10 and 20 grams of gelatin (each with 0.5 and 20 grams of honey) was achieved respectively 68,86 % and 65,68%. The gelatin composition more than 20 grams led to lowering gel fraction significantly. The swelling index of hydrogel with 20 grams gelatin show almost four times higher. Reducing honey composition to 10 grams of hydrogel has improved both the gel fraction (about 25 %) and swelling index (about 12 %). These two properties have been improved further by increasing the chitosan composition up to 7.5 grams. However, the effectiveness of honey composition as antibacterial in hydrogel is still need to be further evaluated.

Keywords
hydrogel, chitosan, honey, gelatin, wound dressing

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/Vr2u7xRzhMZb

Corresponding Author
Dhena Ria Barleany

Institutions
a) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Jln. Jenderal Sudirman Km. 03, Cilegon, Banten, Indonesia
*ria.barleany[at]untirta.ac.id
b) Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Jln. Jenderal Sudirman Km. 03, Cilegon, Banten, Indonesia

Abstract
Polysaccharides are potential materials for food packaging due to their biodegradability and non-toxicity. Polysaccharides have some disadvantages like poor mechanical properties and low resistance to water. Nanomaterials could be used to enhance the thermal, mechanical and gas barrier properties without obstructing their biodegradable and non-toxic characters. In the current study, a series of chitosan based biodegradable film nanocomposites containing different ratios of TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared through a process involving blending, solution casting and evaporation. The films were characterized to explore the effects of different TiO2 nanoparticle contents to their mechanical properties and the antibacterial activity. Results showed that TiO2 addition led to improve mechanical properties of the composite film. The tensile strength of chitosan-TiO2 films reaching a maximum of 29,46 MPa and elongation at break of 8,67 % at 0,2 wt % TiO2 nanoparticles. The biodegradation study of chitosan film with 0,2 TiO2 showed 50 % of weight loss after 2 months of composting. All chitosan-TiO2 films prepared in this study possessed efficient antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with 100% sterilization in 24 h under UV light and dark condition.

Keywords
antimicrobial plastics, chitosan, composite, TiO2

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/tZLRXa2uMgQx

Corresponding Author
SRI AGUSTINA

Institutions
Chemical Engineering Department, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (UNTIRTA), Banten

Abstract
In recent times, there is growing interest to develop advanced materials for food packaging applications which can improve food safety and shelf-life. Active food packaging systems has been used as an effective method to enhanced the food safety and shelf-life. Chitosan nanoparticles represents interesting properties which makes it a suitable material for active packaging system. The stability and properties of chitosan nanoparticles can be enhanced by the modification of chitosan using biopolymer and bioactive compound. In this study, the modified chitosan nanoparticles were prepared via emulsion-based self-assembly technique using Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) and acrylate polymer. Bioactive compound was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles to enhanced the property of active packaging materials. The systematic condition in preparation was studied. The characterization and morphology of the nanoparticles were investigated by Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The obtained results indicate that the modified chitosan nanoparticles may be a promising material for active food packaging materials.

Keywords
Nanoparticles, Chitosan, Self-Assembly, Emulsion, Active Packaging Materials

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/2BdMCfatRHEe

Corresponding Author
Orchidea Rachmaniah

Institutions
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia

Abstract
Curcuminoids have been successfully extracted from Curcuma zeodaria powder with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) as solvent. Ionic types of NADES such choline chloride-citric acid-water (CCCA-H2O = 1:1:18, mole ratio) and choline chloride-malic acid-water (CCMA-H2O = 1:1:18, mole ratio) gave the highest yield of extracted curcuminoids, ca. 0.270±0.025 and 0.355±0.055 mg/g respectively for CCCA and CCMA. However, the final product of the extracted curcuminoids is mixed in the NADES matrix. Hence, a separation process by means a recrystallization is mandatory. Isopropanol-n-hexane in different variance of volume (1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2, 2:1, and 2.5:1 v/v) are observed as a solvent in the proposed recrystallization process as well as the solubility of either of solely choline chloride or curcuminoids in both isopropanol and n-hexane. Unfortunately, either of CCCA-H2O (1:1:18) or CCMA-H2O (1:1:18) and curcuminoids form a new mixture of NADES with isopropanol. Therefore, all the of polar constituents of NADES, i.e. choline chloride, citric acid/malic acid, and water, should be first removed before recrystallized. Isopropanol-ne-hexane (1:2, v/v) give the highest recovery of curcuminoids ca. 55.56% by recrystallization process. Whereas solid-phase extraction (SPE) C18 resin methods seem suitable for removing the polar constituents of NADES.

Keywords
Enrichment, Curcuminoids, NADES, Recrystallization, Solid Phase Extraction

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ze9mn8yGcAhD

Corresponding Author
Dhyna Analyes Trirahayu

Institutions
(a) Chemical Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia 40559
*dhyna.analyes[at]polban.ac.id

Abstract
Glycerol is widely use in the production of cosmetics, solvents for drugs, and lubricants. Glycerol can be obtained as by-product of biodiesel production from vegetable oils through the transesterification process. One of the vegetable oils with abundant raw material availability in Indonesia is corn oil. Each vegetable oil generally consists of triglycerides and free fatty acids (FFA) with different composition. The triglycerides in corn oil is round 95.59% (mostly trilinoleate and triolein), the rest are FFA (2.51%), phospholipid and phytosterol. The simulation process was designed using Aspen Hysys version 8.8. The corn oil composition was simulated as 54.30% trilinoleate, 41.35% triolein, and 3.85% oleic acid (FFA). The mole ratio of corn oil : methanol was set to 1 : 20. The transesterification process was simulated using conversion reactor with conversion 98% at temperature 60C and atmospheric. The process was followed with methanol recovery and glycerol separation from biodiesel. From the process around 84.5% of excessed methanol was recovered. Glycerol and biodiesel were separated using membrane. The simulation indicates that 100 kg/h corn oil can converted into 101.1 kg/h green diesel and 10.41 kg/h glycerol with purity 99.85%.

Keywords
corn oil, glycerol, process simulation, transesterification

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ZbV8qUfQAekC

Corresponding Author
ADRIANA ADRIANA

Institutions
Chemical Engeneering, Polytechnic Negeri at Lhokseumawe
Jl. Banda Aceh – Medan Km 280 Buketrata Lhokseumawe, 24301

Abstract
The main objective of this research is to utilize fiber waste from palm empty fruit bunch provided very abundant in Aceh. For that needs to be studied and researched other benefits are more valuable. Among them is a source of raw material to produce nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), a material in nanometer dimensions which can be used as fillers or reinforcing a matrix in order to provide bionanocomposites. NCC isolated from palm empty bunch fiber through the hydrolysis of sulfuric acid, using a solvent mixture of DMAC/LiCl, were passed on activated dialysis membrane after centrifugated to release it from solvent. NCC will be characterized include aspect ratio, morphology, thermal, structural test, and several other physical parameters. The end product is characterized by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). From XRD and FTIR analysis showed that the nanocrystalline cellulose formed was nanocellulose I with an average size of 72 nm. DSC and TGA thermal test showed that the glass transition, melting point, and decomposition temperature of NCC were 109.59 o C, 191.28 ° C, 210 oC, respectively.

Keywords
palm empty fruit bunch, hydrolysis, dispersions, nanocrystaline cellulose.

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/Z4PnNBq7RfTL

Corresponding Author
Dian Suminar

Institutions
Department of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract
Accumulation Oil Palm Empty Bunches (TKKS) cause environmental problems if not solved. TKKS has a high cellulose composition, so it can be used as nanocellulose which has a high use value. The process of making nanocellulose from TKKS through the isolation stage of α-cellulose with a delignification process using Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) 17.5% (b / v) at 80oC, bleaching using Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) 10% (v / v), hydrolysis using sulfuric acid and drying using freeze drying at a heating temperature of 53oC for 7 hours. Cellulose yield produced from the isolation process of α-cellulose from TKKS was 20.8%. The results of this drying process will reduce the aggregation of particles in the nanocellulose produced, so that nanocellulose is produced at 160-298 nm

Keywords
nanocellulose, hydrolysis, freeze drying.

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/BT3FwEzDbeaL

Corresponding Author
Nadiyah Annisa Fitri

Institutions
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November

Abstract
Biodiesel is one of the alternative energy that is environmentally friendly and can be renewed. In general, biodiesel is made through a transesterification reaction between oil and ethanol with the help of a base catalyst. However, one obstacle to the commercialization of biodiesel is the high cost of production. Cheap raw materials (rice bran oil) contain high free fatty acids (up to 60%) therefore the transesterification reaction is only possible using an acid catalyst and the rate of the transesterification reaction is slower under conditions using an acid catalyst. In addition to further reducing the cost of production is by carrying out a transesterification reaction under mild reaction conditions, namely at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Therefore, this research will be assisted by high shear mixing so microemulsion formed to minimizing mass transfer resistance and reaction can occur. The effect of dispersion speed, catalyst amount, reaction time and molar ratio between ethanol and rice bran oil were investigated so the cost of production can be reduced. In addition, the energy consumption needed for biodiesel production from rice bran oil assisted by high shear mixing is lower than conventional or subcritical / supercritical methods.

Keywords
Biodiesel, Rice bran oil, High shear mixing, Microemulsion, Sustainable

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/xwPpv8VqGcab

Corresponding Author
Andre Fahriz Perdana Harahap

Institutions
Universitas Indonesia

Abstract
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid which has myriad applications in food, textiles, agriculture, pharmaceutics, and chemicals. Formic acid can be synthesized in laboratory as major by-product from hydrolysis process of lignocellulosic biomass. Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is an abundant lignocellulosic biomass produced by oil palm industries to which the cellulose content has potential for conversion into formic acid by dilute acid hydrolysis. In this study, we investigated effects of three parameters in acid-catalysed hydrolysis reaction of OPEFB such as reaction time (20, 40, 60 minutes), temperature (140, 160, 180 °C), and H2SO4 concentration (0.3; 0.5; 0.7 M) and optimized them to obtain maximum formic acid concentration by using response surface methodology with Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Microwave assisted alkaline pretreatment of OPEFB sample under microwave radiation at 840 Watt for 9 minutes with 2% NaOH concentration was done prior to the hydrolysis process. The pretreatment was effective to reduce lignin content of OPEFB from 28.9% to 7.6%. The highest actual formic acid concentration we obtained from the experiment was 2725 ppm at 180 °C, 60 minutes reaction time, and 0,5 M H2SO4. While according to the polynomial model, the optimal condition for obtaining maximum formic acid concentration of 2890.673 ppm was at 180 °C, reaction time of 60 minutes, and 0.3 M H2SO4.

Keywords
formic acid, hydrolysis, oil palm empty fruit bunch, response surface methodology

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ARHDtedf2TLX

Corresponding Author
M. Fariz Yasmin

Institutions
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty
of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi
Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111 Indonesia

Abstract
Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel to replace petrodiesel. Because biodiesel is renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, has a low emission profile, and is environmentally friendly. However, the cost of producing biodiesel is higher than petrodiesel. Although biodiesel can be made from various raw materials including vegetable oil, animal fat, and used frying oil, mass production of biodiesel still uses processed vegetable oil. About 60 until 75 percent of the total cost of producing biodiesel comes from raw materials. Therefore, in this study used affordable raw materials, not food and abundant amounts of oil from rice bran. However, rice bran oil has a variety of impurities and the levels are quite high. In this study green solvent is used, namely deep eutectic solvent (DES from ChCl and Ethylene Glycol) and natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES from Betaine Monohydrate and Glycerol) to remove impurities contained in biodiesel from rice bran oil. This study aims to study the comparison of single-stage extraction (single extraction) and multi-stage extraction (multiple extraction) and the effect of stirring speed (laminar until turbulent condition) with DES and NADES solvents on the purity and yield of biodiesel produced. Hence, biodiesel obtained is meets Indonesia national standards (SNI 7182: 2015) with low production costs and is easy to apply on an industrial scale.

Keywords
biodiesel, rice bran oil, purification, Deep Eutectic Solvent, Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/4hURLDWu8dzp

Corresponding Author
Silvya Yusnica Agnesty

Institutions
Polytechnic of Energy and Mineral Akamigas
*yusnica[at]esdm.go.id

Abstract
The main goal of this work is optimize low temperature shift converter (LTS) of Carbon Monoxide (CO) in an Industrial Ammonia Plant considering life time of the catalyst in that converter. Shift converter is a reactor to convert CO into carbon dioxide. CO in ammonia plant comes from steam reforming process that convert natural gas into hydrogen gas. This process will also produce CO gas, where CO gas is toxic to the catalyst in ammonia syntesis reactor and also able to oxidize Fe in ammonia synthesis, that is the reason why CO is one of component that can interfere the ammonia gas manufacturing process. To prevent this, the CO gas purification process needs to be done, one of the method is using shift converter process. From the optimization of several operating conditions in low temperature shift converter, a relatively strong correlation is found between flow rate feed and average temperature bed catalyst with the lifetime of the catalyst. The optimization result show that the optimum flow rate feed in LTS is 2754,49 m3/day and average temperature bed catalyst is 224°C. Operating at the proposed optimal condition increases life time of the catalyst about 8,02% per year.

Keywords
Shift Converter; Life Time Catalyst; Catalyst; Ammonia Plant

Topic
Chemical Engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/tRA6M7Kmfnrc